CIHM 
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Series 
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iCMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographles) 


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TMhnieal  Mid  KMio9ra»Mc  Nmm  /  Now  tMliniqwi  M  MMiograpliiquM 


TIM  Imtituu  h«  ■tttmpMd  to  obtain  th*  bat  orifiMi 
copy  militate  fof  libnint.  Fanum  el  tbii  oopy  whicb 
miy  ba  bibUegnphieally  imiqM.  iuMdi  owv  atar  my 
of  Hh  imafat  in  tha  rapcoductien.  orwhidi  nay 
significantly  changa  tha  unial  mathod  of  f  ilaaint,  aia 


0Colowad  eeoan/ 
CouMftun  da  aoulaw 


Coaan  damaaad/ 
Coumrtyfa  andomnuiia 


D 


CounrtiHa  ranawria  at/ou  palliciiMa 


0 


Conn  rastond  and/or  laminalad/ 
Couoartufa  ranawria 

Ceaa>  titte  mining/ 


Coteufad  mapf/ 

Canaa  gtognpkiqiiai  an  aoulaur 


0Coleofad  ink  (i^.  othar  than  Mua  or  Mack)/ 
Enera  da  coulaur  (i^.  autra  qiM  Maua  ou  noira) 

0Coloorad  platat  and/Of  illustratiom/ 
Planchai  at/ou  illiutratiom  an  couteur 


D 
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Bound  with  other  malarial/ 
Ralia  avac  d'autrat  documantt 

Ti(ht  bindint  may  cauia  ihadem  or  diitortion 


D 


La  raliura  larraa  paut  cawar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diitonion  la  loni  da  la  maria  intiriavra 

Btenk  laaaai  addad  during  raitoration  may  appaw 
within  dw  taxL  Whananr  pooitate,  dma  haw 
baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  ta  paut  qua  carttinat  pagn  Manchat  ajoutiat 
km  d'una  rattauration  apparainant  dam  la  taxia, 
mais,  lonqua  cala  itait  potnMa.  cat  pagat  n'ont 
pai  M  f  ilmiaa. 


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dam  la  mMwda  normale  de  f  iknefa  rout  Miquis 
ci-danoua. 


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resioreo  and/or  laminatad/ 
raalaurtas  et^H  peNicuMea 


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Quality  of  print  inriet/ 
Qualiti  intgala  da  rimpraaiion 


□  Continuoui  pegination/ 
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Pagination  continue 

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I  Comprend  un  (deal  indeii 

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Le  till*  de  I'en-tMe  proaient: 


□  Title  pege  of  isf 
Pegedetitnde 


la  livraison 


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Additionel  commenn:/  Pages  nholly  obtcured  by 

Commenuirexupplimantairet:  poaslble  Imege. 


□  Caption  of  inue/ 
Titre  de  dtpart  da  la  liwaiMn 

□  Merthecd/ 
Oinirique  (piriodiquea)  de  le  lieraiion 

tiasues  have  been  raf lined  to  anaure  the  beat 


Thii  item  if  filmed  el  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  «t  filme  au  uux  da  reduction  indiqui  ci-denoua. 


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UnhnnM  Unl, 


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poaalbia  eonaidaring  tha  enndltien  and  laglblllty 
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filming  eontraet  ipaclf  leadona. 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raprodult  grica  A  la 
g«n4roait«  da: 

BMietMqui  (in«ral*, 

Uni«wiM  Lml, 


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plus  grand  sein,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 


da  la  nattat*  da  raxampialra  film*,  at  un 

avae  las  conditions  du  central  da 


eonformita  avae  I 


Original  eoplas  in  printad  paper  covers  are  fNmed 
beginning  with  tlie  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  twith  a  printad  or  IMuatiated  tanprae- 
aion,  or  tlia  back  cover  wiien  appropriate.  All 
other  original  coplee  are  filmed  beginning  on  tha 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  iUuatrated  Impree- 
sion,  and  ending  on  the  laet  page  with  a  printad 
or  Hluetratad  Impression. 


Us  esempiairas  origlnauii  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papier  est  imprimte  sent  fiimts  en  eemmen; ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
demMra  page  qui  eomporte  une  emprointe 
dimprassion  ou  dlllustration,  soit  par  la  sscond 
plat,  salon  lo  eaa.  Toua  las  autres  axemplaires 
originaux  sent  fUmds  sn  commen$snf     iris 
premiere  pego  qui  eomporte  une  empt'  nte 
dimpresslen  ou  dlNustration  et  en  tern  ;nant  per 
la  darhlAra  page  qui  comporu  une  Mile 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
sheH  contain  tlw  symliol  --^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"!, or  ths  sv<Abol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 


Un  das  symbolea  sulvants  apparattra  sur  la 
damiira  Image  do  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  la  symboia  -»  signifia  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
aymbota  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 


Mapa,  plataa,  charts,  etc..  may  be  fUmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  axposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  frames  ss 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  tlie 


Les  eaitas.  plenches.  tsblesux.  etc..  peuvent  ttre 
fllmte  i  dss  laux  da  rMuction  diffirants. 
Lorsqus  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  ttra 
reproduit  on  un  soul  cilcha.  il  est  flimt  i  partir 
da  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gaucha  t  droits, 
et  de  haut  an  bas.  en  prenant  le  nombra 
d'imagas  nacaasaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  le  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

6 


MKXOCOnr   HEOIUTION  TIST  CHA>T 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TFST  CHART  No.  2) 


]iS, 

|2J 

£ 

■  2.2 

A  APPLIED  IIVHGE    Inc 

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BXTBA-ILLCSTBATED  EDITION 


VOLUME  8 

THE  CHRONICLES 

OF  AMERICA  SERIES 

ALLEN  JOHNSON 

EDITOR 

GERHARD  R.  LOMEB 

CHARLES  W.  JEFFERYS 

ASSISTANT  EDITORS 


THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 


A  CHRONICLE  OF  THE 

PBOPEIETOBS  OF  THE  DELAWARE 

BY  SYDNEY  G.  FISHEE 


NEW  HAVEN:  YALE  UNIVEBSITY  PBE3S 

TORONTO:    GLASGOW.  BBOOK  &  CO. 

LONDON:    HUMPHREY    MILFORD 

OXFORD    UNIVEBSITY    PRESS 

1920 


Copyrighi^  1919,  by  YaU  UniMniiy  Pntt 


nw> 


CONTENTS 

I.    THE  BIRTH  OF  PENNSYLTANU 
II.    FEW  SAILS  FOR  THE  OEUWAEB 

UI.    UFE  IN  PHILADELPBU 

IV.    TYPES  OF  THE  POPULATION 
V.    THE  TROUBLES  OF  PENN  AND  HIS  30N8    " 

VL    THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 

VII.    THE    DECLINE    OF    QUAKER    GOVERN- 
MENT 

Vin.    THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JEBSkY 

IX.    PLANTERS  AND  TRADERS  OF  SOUTHERN 

JERSEY  ^^    „ 

X.    SCOTCH    COVENANTERS    AND    OTHERS 
IN  EAST  JERSEY 

XL    THE  UNITED  JERSEYS 

XIL    LITTLE  DELAWARE 

Xm.    THE  ENGUSH  CONQUEST 

BIBUOGRAPHY 

INDEX 


I 

1» 

U 
M 


108 

m 
m 
m 

IM 

w 
tu 
m 
tu 


I 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

WHXIAM  PENN.  AOED  tt 

Paiatod  bjr  u  uaknown  wtirt.  In  tlw  coUm- 
lioD  <il  tlw  HUorkal  8ocwty  of  Fteovl- 
wnlfc  AuthnUdtr  Touched  for  by  Dr.  Jobs 
W.  Jotdu,  SMKtafy,  Rittoriad  Socioty  of 
hnaqrlruia.  wbo  ujri  that  the  pictun  wu 
pnaeated  to  the  Society  by  the  Fbunfar'i 
fnadna,  Gruvjlk  Peon,  ol  Stoke  Pone,  Eiu- 


lud.  Much  ta  18SS. 

WILUAM  PENN-8  SHAVING  UTENSILS  AND 
DESK,  AND  A  WAMPDH  TREATY  BELT 
PRESENTED  TO  PENN  BY  THE  INDIANS 
In  the  coOectioo  of  the  Hntorial  Sodety  ol 


FrmliMpitei 


Pnuuylvsiua,  Philwldphia. 


ftiKifatt     St 


THE  DELAWARE  RIVER  REGION.   16«<- 
1774 

Map  hgr  W.  L.  G.  Joetg;  Ametkan  Geograpbkal 

SouMy. 

JOHAN  PRINTZ.  GOVERNOR  OP  NEW 
SWEDEN,  I64S-1US 
Fkbtisf  in  the  coDectwn  of  the  Smduh  Co. 
kniel  Society.  Phihdelpbim  copied  from  the 
original  portnit  in  the  church  tt  Bottniryd, 
in  the  Province  of  jBnkaping,  Sweden.  Thii 
copy  WW  pmented  to  the  Society  by  Hie 
Mejesty,  Giutev  V,  King  of  Sweden,  in  IMO.  It 
ii  the  only  portrait  of  any  Governor  of  New 
Sweden  Vnown  to  be  in  enstence.  Reproduced 
by  courteey  of  Gregory  B.  Keen,  PhiUdelphia. 


» 


tl2 


THE  QUAKES  COLONIES 


CHAPTERI 


THB  BIRTH  Of  PXtmSTLVANU 

In  1661.  the  year  after  Charles  U  was  restored  to 
th  throne  of  England,  William  Penn  was  a  seven- 
teen-year-old  student  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
His  father,  a  distingu  ^ihed  admiral  b  high  favor 
at  Court,  had  abandoned  his  erstwhile  friends  and 
had  aided  in  re<rtoring  King  Charlie  to  his  own 
again.  Young  William  was  associating  with  tl  j 
aons  of  the  aristocracy  and  was  receiving  an  educa- 
tion  which  would  fit  him  to  obtain  preferment  at 
Court.  But  there  was  a  serious  vein  in  him,  and 
while  at  a  h%h  churrh  Oxford  College  he  was 
mureptitiously  attending  the  meetings  and  listen- 
ing to  the  preaching  of  the  despised  and  outiawed 
Quakers.  Therehefirst  began  to  hear  of  the  plans 
of  a  group  of  Quakers  to  found  colonies  on  the 


n 


«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Delaware  in  America.  Forty  years  afterwards  he 
wrote,  "I  had  an  opening  of  joy  us  to  these  parts 
in  the  year  1661  at  Oxford."  And  with  America 
and  the  Quakers,  in  spite  of  a  brief  youthful  expe- 
rience as  a  soldier  and  a  courtier,  William  Penn's 
life,  as  well  as  his  fame,  is  indissolubly  linked. 

Quakerism  was  one  of  the  many  religious  sects 
bom  in  the  seventeenth  century  under  the  influence 
of  Puritan  thought.  The  foundation  principle 
of  the  Reformation,  the  right  of  private  judg- 
ment, the  Quakers  carried  out  to  its  logical  con- 
clusion; but  they  were  people  whose  minds  had 
so  long  been  suppressed  and  terrorized  that,  once 
free,  they  rushed  to  extremes.  They  shocked 
and  horrified  even  the  most  advanced  Refor- 
mation sects  by  rejecting  Baptism,  the  doc- 
trine of  the  Trinity,  and  all  sacraments,  forms, 
and  ceremonies.  They  represented,  on  their  best 
side,  the  most  vigorous  effort  of  the  Reforma- 
tion to  return  to  the  spirituality  and  the  simplic- 
ity of  the  early  Christians.  But  their  intense 
spirituality,  pathetic  often  in  its  extreme  mani- 
festations, was  not  wholly  concerned  with  another 
world.  Their  humane  ideas  and  philanthropic 
methods,  such  as  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  the 
reform  of  prisons  and  of  charitable  institutions. 


THE  BIRTH  OF  PENNSYLVANU  s 

came  in  time  to  be  accepted  as   fundamental 
practical  social  principles. 

The  tendencies  of  which  Quakerism  formed  only 
one  manifestaUon  appeared  outside  of  England, 
in  Italy,  in  France,  and  especially  iri  Germany! 
The  fundamaital  Quaker  idea  of  "quietism,"  as 
it  was  called,  or  peaceful,  silent  contemplation  as 
a  spuitual  form  of  worship  and  as  a  development 
of  moral  consciousness,  was  very  widespread  at  the 
close  of  the  Reformation  and  even  began  to  be 
practiced  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  untfl  it 
was  stopped  by  the  Jesuits.    The  most  extreme 
of  the  English  Quakers,  however,  gave  way  to 
such  extravagances  of  conduct  as  trembling  when 
they  preached   (whence  their  name),  preaching 
openly  in  the  streets  and  fields  -  a  horrible  thing 
at  that  time  — interrupting  other  conurbations, 
and  appearing  naked  as  a  sign  and  warning.    They 
gave  offense  by  refusing  to  remove  their  hats  in 
public  and  by  applymg  t»  aU  alike  the  words 
thee"  and  "thou,"  a  form  of  address  hitherto 
used  only  to  servants  and  inferiors.    Worst  of  all. 
the  Quakers  refused  to  pay  tithes  or  taxes  to 
support  the  Church  of  England.    As  a  result,  the 
loathsome  jails  of  the  day  were  soon  filled  with 
these  objectors,  and  their  property  melted  away 


4  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

in  fines.  This  contumacy  and  their  street  meet- 
ings, r^arded  at  that  time  as  riotous  breaches  of 
the  peace,  gave  the  Government  at  first  a  legal 
excuse  to  hunt  them  down;  but  as  they  grew  in 
numbers  and  influence,  laws  were  '•nacted  to  sup- 
press them.  Some  of  them,  thoi  not  the  wild- 
est extremists,  escaped  to  the  colonies  in  Amer- 
ica. There,  however,  they  were  made  welcome  to 
conditions  no  less  severe. 

The  first  law  against  the  Quakers  in  Massachu- 
setts was  passed  in  1656,  and  between  that  date 
and  1660  four  of  the  sect  were  hanged,  one  of  them 
a  woman,  Mary  Dyer.  Though  there  were  no 
other  hangings,  many  Quakers  were  punished 
by  whipping  and  banishment  In  other  colonies, 
notably  New  York,  fines  and  banishment  were  not 
uncommon.  Such  treatment  forced  the  Quakers, 
against  the  will  of  many  of  them,  to  seek  a  tract 
of  land  and  found  a  colony  of  their  own.  To  such 
a  course  there  appeared  no  alternative,  unless  they 
were  determined  to  establish  their  religion  solely 
by  martyrdom. 

About  the  time  when  the  Massachusetts  laws 
were  enforced,  the  principal  Quaker  leader  and 
organizer,  George  Fox  (1624-1691),  began  to 
consider  the  possibility  of  making  a  settlement 


THE  BIRTH  OP  PENNSYLVANU  s 

among  the  great  forests  and  mountains  said  to  Ue 
north  of  Maryland  in  the  r^on  drained  by  the 
Delaware  and  Susquehanna  rivers.    In  this  region 
lay  practicaUy  the  only  good  land  on  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  not  ah-eady  occupied.    The  Puritans 
and  Dutch  were  on  the  north,  and  there  were 
Catholic  and  Church  of  England  cc'onies  on  the 
south  in  Maryland  and  Virginia.    The  middle 
ground  was  u   jccupied  because  heretofore  a  diffi- 
cult coast  had  prevented  easy  access  by  sea.    Pox 
consulted  Josiah  Coale,  a  Quaker  who  had  traveled 
in  America  and  Lad  seen  a  good  deal  of  the  Indian 
tribes,  with  the  result  that  on  his  second  ^osit  to 
America  Coale  was  commissioned  to  treat  with 
the  Susquehanna  Indians,  who  were  supposed  to 
have  rights  in  the  desired  land.    In  November. 
1660,  Coale  reported  to  Fox  the  result  of  his  in- 
quiries: "As  concerning  Friends  buying  a  piece  of 
land  of  the  Susquehanna  Indians  I  have  spoken  of 
it  to  them  and  told  them  what  thou  said  concern- 
ing it;  but  their  answer  was,  that  there  is  no  land 
that  is  habitable  or  fit  for  situation  beyond  Bal- 
timore's liberty  till  they  come  to  or  near  the 
Susquehanna's  Fort.'"    Nothing  could  be  done 

'  JuBM  Bowda-i  Butoy  0/  IM,  Frimd,  in  Ammca.  vol.  i,  p. 


iJ 


ii^ 


6  THE  QUAKER  COLOxVIES 

immediately,  the  letter  went  on  to  say,  because 
the  Indians  were  at  war  with  one  another,  and  Wil- 
liam Fuller,  a  Maryland  Quaker,  whose  coOpeiatian 
was  deemed  essential,  was  absent. 

This  seems  to  have  been  the  first  definite  move- 
ment towards  a  Quaker  colony.  Reports  of  it 
reached  the  ears  of  young  Penn  at  Oxford  and  set 
his  imagination  aflame.  He  never  forgot  the  pro- 
ject, for  seventeen  is  an  age  when  grand  thoughts 
strike  home.  The  adventurousness  of  the  plan 
was  irresistible  —  a  home  for  the  new  faith  in 
the  primeval  forest,  far  from  imprisonment,  tithes, 
and  persecution,  and  to  be  won  by  effort  worthy  of 
a  man.  It  was,  however,  a  dream  destined  not 
to  be  realized  for  many  a  long  year.  More  was 
needed  than  the  mere  consent  of  the  Indians.  In 
the  meantime,  howevc,  a  temporary  refuge  for 
the  sect  was  found  in  the  province  of  West  Jersey 
on  the  Delaware,  which  two  Quakers  had  bought 
from  Lord  Berkeley  for  the  comparatively  small 
sum  of  £1000.  Of  this  grant  William  Penn  be- 
came one  of  the  trustees  and  thus  gained  his  first 
experience  in  the  business  of  colonizing  the  region 
of  his  youthful  dreams.  But  there  was  never  a 
sufficient  governmental  control  of  West  Jersey  to 
make  it  an  ideal  Quaker  colony.    What  little 


THE  BUtTH  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  7 

control  the  Quakers  exercised  disappeared  after 
1702;  and  the  land  and  situation  were  not  all  that 
could  be  desired.  Penn.  though  also  one  of  the 
owners  of  East  Jersey,  made  no  attempt  to  turn 
that  region  into  a  Quaker  colony. 

Besides  West  Jersey  the  Quakers  found  a  tem- 
porary asylum  in  Aquidneck,  now  Rhode  Island.' 
For  many  years  the  governors  and  magistrates 
were  Quakers,  and  the  affairs  of  this  island  colony 
were  largely  in  their  hands.  Quakers  were  also 
^ -ominer',  in  the  politics  of  North  Carolina,  and 
John  Archdale,  a  Quaker,  was  Governor  for  sev- 
eral years.  They  formed  a  considerable  element 
of  the  population  in  the  towns  of  Long  Island 
and  Westchester  County  but  they  could  not  hope 
to  convert  these  communities  into  real  Quaker 
commonwealths. 

The  experience  in  the  Jersqrs  and  elsewhere 
very  soon  proved  that  if  there  was  to  be  a  real 
Quaker  colony,  the  British  Crown  must  give  not 
only  a  title  to  the  land  but  a  strong  charter  guar- 
anteeing self-government  and  protection  of  the 
Quaker  faith  from  outside  interference.    But  that 

■  This  Rhode  Ishud  colony  .hould  be  dutinguidied  fnm  the 

aeWement  at  Prondence  founded  by  Soger  Willuun.  with  which  it 

w«Uter  united.    Ste  lona.  Th.  Qmker,  in  the  Ammcan  Colonm 
p.  21,  note.  ' 


8  THE  QnAKEB  COLONIES 

the  British  Government  would  grant  such  valued 
privileges  to  a  sect  of  schismatics  which  it  was 
hunting  down  in  England  seemed  a  most  unlikely 
event.  Nothing  but  unusual  influence  at  Court 
could  bring  it  about,  and  in  that  quarter  the 
Quakers  had  no  influence. 

Penn  never  foigot  the  boyhood  ideal  which  he 
had  developed  at  eoDege.    For  twenty  years  he 
led  a  varied  life  —  driven  from  home  and  whipped 
by  his  father  for  consorting  with  the  schismatics; 
sometimes  in  deference  to  his  father's  wishes  tak- 
ing his  place  in  the  gay  world  at  Court;  even,  for 
a  time,  becoming  a  soldier,  and  again  traveling  in 
France  with  sonie  of  the  people  of  the  Court.    In 
the  end.  as  he  grew  older,  religious  feeling  com- 
pletely absorbed  him.    He  became  one  of  the  lead- 
ing Quaker  theologians,  and  his  very  earnest  reK- 
gious  writings  fill  several  volumes.   He  became  a 
preacher  at  the  meetings  and  went  to  prison  for 
his  heretical  doctrines  and  pamphlets.    At  last 
he  found  himself  at  the  age  of  thirty-six  with  his 
father  dead,  and  a  debt  due  from  the  Crown  of 
£16,000  for  services  which  his  distinguished  father, 
the  admiral,  had  rendered  the  Government. 

Here  was  the  accident  that  brought  into  being 
the  great  Quaker  colony,  by  a  combination  of 


THE  Bnera  op  fennsylvanu       o 

circumatsnces  which  could  hardly  have  happened 
twice.    Young  Penn  was  popular  at  Court.    He 
had  inherited  a  valuable  friendship  with  Charles 
n  and  his  heir,  the  Duke  of  York.    This  friend- 
ship rested  on  the  solid  fact  that  Penn's  father, 
the  admiral,  had  rendered  such  signal  assistance 
m  restoring  Charles  and  the  whole  Stuart  Ime 
to  the  throne.    But  stiU  £16,000  or  $80,000,  the 
accumulation  of  many  deferred  payments,  was  a 
goodly  sum  m  those  days,  and  that  the  Crown 
would  pay  it  in  money,  of  which  it  had  none  too 
much,  was  unlikely.    Why  not  therefore  suggest 
paymg  it  instead  in  wild  land  in  America,  of  which 
the  Crown  had  abundance?    That  was  the  fruit- 
ful thought  which  visited  Penn.    Lord  Berkeley 
and  Lord  Carteret  had  been  given  New  Jersey 
because  they  had  signally  helped  to  restore  the 
Stuart  family  to  the  throne.    All  the  more  there- 
fore should  the  Stuart  family  give  a  tract  of  land, 
and  even  a  larger  tract,  to  Penn,  whose  father  had 
not  only  assisted  the  family  to  the  throne  but  had 
refrained  so  long  from  pressing  his  just  claim  for 
money  due. 

So  the  Crown,  knowing  little  of  the  value  of  it, 
granted  him  the  most  magnificent  domain  of 
mountains,  lakes,  rivers,  and  forests,  fertile  soil. 


1 

•  l 

ft 

I 


/I. 

4 


*>' 


10  IHK  QUAKER  COLONIES 

cod,  petroleum,  and  iron  that  ever  waa  given  to 
•  angle  proprietor.    In  addition  to  giving  Penn 
the  control  of  DeUware  and.  with  certain  other 
Quakers,  that  of  New  Jersey  aa  weU,  the  Crown 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Quakers  M.OOO  square 
miles  of  most  valuable,  fertile  territory,  lacking 
only  about  three  thousand  square  miles  of  being 
as  huge  as  England  and  Wales.    Even  when  cut 
down  to  «.000  square  miles  by  a  boundary  dis- 
pute with  Maryland,  it  was  laiger  than  Ireland. 
Kings  themselves  have  possessed  such  dominions, 
but  never  before  a  private  citizen  who  scorned  aU 
titles  and  belonged  to  a  hunted  sect  tiiat  exalted 
peace  and  spiritual  contemplation  above  all  the 
wealth  and  power  of  the  world.    Whethwtheob- 
taining  of  this  enormous  tract  of  the  best  lanci  in 
America  was  due  to  what  may  be  caUed  the  eternal 
thriftinees  of  the  Quaker  mind  or  to  tiie  intense  de- 
MTe  of  the  British  Government  to  get  rid  of  tiiese 
people  at  any  cost  might  be  hard  to  determine. 

Penn  received  his  charter  in  1681,  and  in  it  he 
was  very  careful  to  avoid  aU  tiie  mistakes  of  the 
Jersey  proprietary  grants.  Instead  of  numerous 
proprietors,  Penn  was  to  be  tiie  sole  proprietor. 
Instead  of  giving  tide  to  the  land  and  remain- 
ing silent  about  tiie  poUtical  government.  Penn's 


'■"^  'jfiia-rrr.- 


THE  BIBTH  OF  FENNSYLVANU  n 
di*rter  not  only  gave  him  title  to  the  land  but  a 
clearly  defined  pontion  as  iu  political  head,  and  de- 
Kribed  the  principles  of  the  government  so  deoriy 
that  there  was  little  room  for  doubt  or  dispute. 

It  was  a  decidedly  feudal  charter,  very  much  like 
the  one  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore  fifty  yean 
before,  and  yet  at  the  same  time  it  secured  civil 
Mberty  and  representative  government  to  the  peo- 
ple.   Penn  owned  all  the  land  and  the  colonists 
were  to  be  his  tenants.    He  was  compelled,  how- 
ever, to  give  his  people  free  government.    The 
laws  were  to  be  made  by  him  with  the  assent  of 
the  people  or  their  delegates.    In  practice  this  of 
course  meant  that  the  people  were  to  elect  a  legis- 
lature and  Penn  would  have  a  veto,  as  we  now  call 
it,  on  such  acts  as  the  legislature  should  pass.    He 
had  power  to  appoint  magistrates,  judges,  and 
some  other  officers,  and  to  giant  pardons.  Though 
by  the  charter  proprietor  of  the  province,  he  usu- 
ally remained  in  England  and  appointed  a  deputy 
governor  to  exeidse  authority  in  the  colony.    In 
modem  phrase,  he  controlled  the  executive  part 
of  the  government  and  his  people  controlled  the 
legis^tive  part. 

Pennsylvania,  besides  being  the  largest  in  area 
of  the  proprietary  colonies,  was  also  the  most 


r 


T 


is 


>$ 


i  I 


r: 
^1 


M  THE  QUAKEB  COLONIES 

■ucccMful.  not  only  from  the  proprietor'!  pomt  of 
view  but  also  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  in- 
habitanta.    The  proprietonhips  in  Maine,  New 
Hampdiire,  New  Jenqr.  and  the  Carolina*  were 
hii»ely  failures.    Blaiyknd  was  only  partially 
successful;  it  was  not  particularly  remunerative 
to  its  owner,  and  the  Crown  deprived  him  of  his 
control  of  it  for  twenty  years.   Penn,  too,  was  de- 
prived of  the  control  of  Pennsylvania  by  William 
in  but  for  only  about  two  yean.    Except  for 
this  brief  interval  (169*-1694).  Penn  and  his  sons 
after  him  held  their  province  down  to  the  time 
of  the  American  Revolution  in  1776,  a  period  of 
ninety-four  years. 

A  feudal  proprietorship,  coUecting  rents  from 
all  the  people,  seems  to  modem  minds  grievously 
wrong  in  theory,  and  yet  it  would  be  very  diflScult 
to  show  that  it  proved  onerous  in  practice.  Un- 
der it  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  flourished  in 
wealth,  peace,  and  happiness.  Penn  won  undying 
fame  for  the  liberal  principles  of  his  feudal  enter- 
prise. His  expenses  in  England  were  so  great  and 
his  quitrents  always  so  much  in  arrears  that  he  was 
seldom  out  of  debt.  But  his  children  grew  rich 
from  the  province.  As  in  other  provinces  that 
were  not  feudal  there  were  disputes  between  the 


THB  BIMH  OF  FENNSYLVANU  18 
peopk  and  the  propriefam;  but  then  wm  not  w 
much  general  diitatufoction  at  might  have  beni 
expected.  The  proprieton  were  on  the  whole 
not  altogether  duliked.  In  the  American  Revo- 
hition,  when  the  people  could  have  confiicated 
everything  in  Pennsylvania  belonging  to  the  pro- 
prietary family,  they  not  only  left  them  in  pones- 
sim  of  a  large  part  of  tLeir  land,  but  paid  then: 
handwmely  for  the  part  that  waa  taken. 

After  Penn  had  secured  hie  charter  in  1681,  he 
obtained  from  the  Duke  of  York  the  land  now  in- 
cluded in  the  State  of  Delaware.  He  advertised 
for  colonists,  and  began  selling  land  at  £100  for 
five  thousand  acres  and  annually  thereafter  a 
shilling  quitrent  for  every  hundred  acres.  He 
drew  up  a  constitution  or  frame  of  government, 
as  he  called  it,  after  wide  and  earnest  consultation 
with  many,  including  the  famous  Algernon  Sydney. 
Among  the  Penn  papers  in  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania  is  a  collection  of  about  twenty 
preliminary  drafts.  Beginning  with  one  which 
created  a  government  by  a  landed  aristocracy, 
they  became  more  and  more  liberal,  until  in  the 
end  his  frame  was  very  ranch  like  the  most  liberal 
government  of  the  other  English  colonies  in  Amer- 
ica.   He  had  a  council  and  an  assembly,  both 


,* 


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ft 


.* 


u 


I 


{i 


»«  THE  QUAKEH  COLONIES 

v«y  ta^.  h^  Kventy-two  member.,  ud  wm 

^  .!«.  had  the  «.Ie  right  of  p,opc«„,  j^ 

rt  larked  w  b«Uy  m  pr«^ee  that  a,  the  end 
tte  p^vmce  went  to  the  oppodte  ext«me  «d 

i1,r  ~""*'"  "  ""'"'  '"'""  -'  «"*  i^t^ 

Pew',  fwme  of  government  contained,  however 
.  prov,«on  for  it.  own  amendment    ilT^i 

founds  all  American  conrtitution,.    Hi.  method 
of  .mpeachment  by  which  the  lower  bZ.^ 

b™«  m  the  cWe  and  the  upper  ho^::  to 
tjy.th..ahK,beenunive«aIlyadopted.  Hi.  :.^ 
that  an  unconstitutional  law  i.  void  wa.  a  .1^ 
^w«^  our  modem,,. tern.  ll.e  nextTte^.  ^V 
»g  the  court,  power  to  decla«.  a  law  ^Z,Z 
fonal  wa,  not  taken  until  one  hund«d  yea« 
after  hi.  time.    With  the  advi...   and  ^isZZ 

of  the  advanced  idea,  of  the  Quaker..    CapS 


THE  BIRTH  OP  FBNN8YLVANU  l« 
puaUunent  wu  to  be  oonfiacd  to  munler  and 
twMoo,  iiutoMi  of  bebg  applied  x.  in  Eng- 
kad  to  •  hort  of  minor  offenMt.  The  property 
of  murderen,  inrtead  of  being  forfeited  to  the 
State,  wa«  to  be  divided  among  the  nest  of 
kin  of  the  victim  and  of  the  criminal.  Religiou. 
hT)erty  wai  establidied  as  it  had  been  in  Rhode 
bland  and  the  Jerwya.  All  children  were  to  be 
Uught  a  lueful  trade.  Oath,  in  judicial  pro- 
ceeding.  were  not  required.  AH  pritons  were 
to  be  workhouMs  and  places  of  reformation  in- 
•tead  of  dungeons  of  dirt,  idleness,  and  disease. 
This  attempt  to  improve  the  prisons  inaugurated 
a  movement  of  great  importance  in  the  modern 
world  in  which  the  part  played  by  the  Quakers  u 
too  often  forgotten. 

Penn  had  now  started  his  "Holy  Experiment." 
as  he  caUed  his  enterprise  in  Pennsylvania.  ')y 
which  he  intended  to  prove  that  religious  liberty 
was  not  only  right,  but  that  agriculture,  com- 
merce, and  all  arts  and  refinements  of  life  would 
flourish  under  it.  He  would  break  the  delusion 
that  prosperity  and  morals  were  possible  only 
under  some  one  particular  faith  established  by  law 
He  would  prove  that  government  could  be  car- 
ned  on  without  war  and   without   oaths,  and 


«  H 


t 


r  t 


1 

'^i 

IM 

r. 

if' 


1«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

that  primitive  Christianity  could  be  maintained 
without  a  hirelMg  ministry,  without  persecution, 
without  ndiculous  dogmas  or  ritual,  sustained  only 
by  Its  own  innate  power  and  the  inward  light. 


CHAPTER  IJ 


PBNN  SAILS  FOB  THE  DELAWABB 


The  framing  of  the  constitution  and  other  prep- 
arations consumed  the  year  following  Penn's  re- 
ceipt of  his  charter  in  1681.  But  at  last,  on  August 
30,  1682,  he  set  sail  in  the  ship  Welcmne,  with 
about  a  hundred  colonists.  After  a  voyage  of 
about  six  weeks,  and  the  loss  of  thirty  of  their 
number  by  smallpox,  they  arrived  in  the  Delaware. 
June  would  have  been  a  somewhat  better  month 
in  which  to  see  the  rich  luxuriance  of  the  green 
meadows  and  forests  of  this  beautiful  river.  But 
the  autumn  foliage  and  bracing  air  of  October 
must  have  been  inspiring  enough.  The  ship  slowly 
beat  her  way  for  three  days  up  the  bay  and  river 
in  the  silence  and  romantic  loneliness  of  its  shores. 
Everything  indicated  richness  and  fertility.  At 
some  points  the  lofty  trees  of  the  primeval  forest 
grew  down  to  the  water's  edge.  The  river  at 
every  high  tide  overflowed  great  meadows  grown 

2  17 


< 


I: 


hi* 


i-V 


W  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Z  ^  JT'T'f  ^"^  '^^  "^  '^^  y^^o^  flowers, 
J^etclung  b«k  to  the  borders  of  the  forest  and 
ftJl  of  water  birds  and  wild  fowl  of  every  variety 
Penn.  now  m  the  prime  of  life,  must  surely  have 
b^  aroused  by  this  scene  and  by  the  ricUon 
that  the  noble  nver  was  his  and  the  vast  stretches 
of  forests  and  mountains  for  three  hundred  miles 
to  the  westward. 

He  w^  soon  ashore,  exploring  the  edge  of  his 
mighty   domam.   settling  his   government,   and 
p^singh^laws.    He  was  much  pleaded  with  the 
Swedes  whom  he  found  on  his  land.    He  changed 
ae  name  of  0,e  little  Swedish  village  of  UplL, 
fifteen  mJes  below  Philadelphia,  to  Chester     He 
supermtended  laying  out  the  streets  of  Philadel- 
phia and  th^  remain  to  this  day  substantiaUy 
as  he  planned  them,  though  unfortmiately  too 
narrow  and  monotonously  regular.    He  met  the 
InAans  at  Philadelphia,  sat  with  them  at  their 

hm  they  showed  him  some  of  their  sports  and 
J^es  he  renewed  his  college  days  by  joining 
them  m  a  jumpmg  match.  ^^ 

Then  he  started  on  journeys.  He  traveled 
Oirough  the  woods  to  New  York,  which  then  be- 
longed to  the  Duke  of  York,  who  had  given  W^ 


PENN  SAILS  FOR  THE  DELAWARE  19 
Delaware;  he  visited  tho  Long  Island  Quakers; 
and  on  his  return  he  went  to  Maryland  to  meet 
with  much  pomp  and  ceremony  Lord  Baltimore 
and  there  discuss  with  him  the  disputed  boundary. 
He  even  crossed  to  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Chesa- 
peake to  visit  a  Quaker  meeting  on  the  Choptank 
before  winter  set  in,  and  he  describes  the  immense 
migration  of  wild  pigecns  at  that  season,  and  the 
flocks  which  flew  so  low  and  were  so  tame  that 
the  colonists  knocked  them  down  with  sticks. 

Most  of  the  winter  he  spent  at  Chester  and 
wrote  to  England  in  high  spirits  of  his  journeys, 
the  wonders  of  the  country,  the  abundance  of 
game  and  provisions,  and  the  twenty-three  ships 
which  had  arrived  so  swiftly  that  few  had  taken 
longer  than  six  weeks,  and  only  three  had  been 
infected  with  the  smallpox.  "Oh  how  sweet," 
he  says,  "is  the  quiet  of  these  parts,  freed  from 
the  anxious  and  troublesome  solicitations,  hurries 
and  perplexities  of  woful  Europe." 

As  the  weeks  anJ  months  passed,  ships  kept 
arriving  with  more  Quakers,  far  exceeding  the 
migration  to  the  Jerseys.  By  summer,  Penn  re- 
ported that  50  sail  had  arrived  within  the  past 
year,  80  houses  had  been  built  in  Philadelphia, 
and  about  300  farms  had  been  laid  out  round  the 


m 


m 


III 


'.'I 


mfe'3 


I 


x 


«0  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

town.    It  is  supposed  that  about  8000  immigrants 
tad  arrived.    This  was  a  more  rapid  developuent 
than  was  usual  in  the  colonies  of  America.    Mas- 
sachusetts and  Virginia  had  been  established  slowly 
and  with  much  privation  and  suffering.  But  the 
settlement  of  Philadelphia  was  like  a  summer  out- 
mg.  There  were  no  dangers,  the  hardships  were  tri- 
fling, and  there  was  no  sickness  or  famine.    There 
was  such  an  abundance  of  game  close  at  hand  that 
hunger  and  famine  were  in  nowise  to  be  feared 
The  climate  was  good  and  the  Indians,  kindly 
treated,  remained  friendly  for  seventy  years. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  m  that  same  year 
1682.  m  which  Penn  and  his  friends  with  such  ease 
and  comfort  founded  their  great  colony  on  the 
Delaware,  the  French  e^lorers  and  voyageurs  from 
Canada,  after  years  of  incredible  hardships,  had 
traversed  the  northern  region  of  the  Great  Lakes 
with  their  canoes  and  had  passed  down  the  Missis- 
sippi  to  Its  mouth,  giving  to  the  whole  of  the 
Great  West  the  name  of  Louisiana,  and  claiming 
It  for  Prance.    Already  La  Salle  had  taken  his 
fleet  of  canoes  down  the  Mississippi  River  and 
had  placed  the  arms  of  France  on  a  post  at  its 
mouth  in  April,  1682.  only  a  few  months  before 
Penn  reached  his  newly  acquired  colony.    Thus 


PENN  SAILS  POft  THE  DELAWARE      81 
in  the  same  year  in  which  the  Quakers  esUblished 
in  Pennsylvania  their  reign  of  liberty  and  of  peace 
with  the  red  men,  La  Salle  was  laying  the  fowida- 
tion  of  the  western  empire  of  despotic  France, 
which  seventy  years  afterwards  was  to  hurl  the 
savages  upon  the  English  colonies,  to  wreck  the 
Quaker  policy  of  peace,  but  to  fail  in  the  end  to 
maintain  itself  against  the  free  colonies  of  England. 
While  they  were  building  houses  in  Philadel- 
phia, the  settlers  lived  in  bark  huts  or  in  raves  dug 
in  the  river  bank,  as  the  early  sett'  rs  in  New 
Jersey  across  the  river  had  lived.    Pastorius,  a 
learned  German  Quaker,  who  had  come  out  with 
the  English,  placed  over  the  door  of  his  cave  the 
motto,  "Pana  domtts,  aed  arnica  bonis,  procul  este 
pr(^ani,"  which  much  amused  Penn  when  he  saw 
it.    A  certain  Mrs.  Morris  was  much  exercised  one 
day  as  to  how  she  could  provide  supper  in  the  cave 
for  her  husband  who  was  working  on  the  construc- 
tion of  their  house.    But  on  returning  to  her  cave 
she  found  that  her  cat  had  just  brought  in  a  fine 
rabbit.    In  their  later  prosperous  years  they  had 
a  pictm'e  of  the  cat  and  the  rabbit  made  on  a  box 
which  has  descended  as  a  family  heirloom.    Doubt- 
less there  were  preserved  many  other  interesting 
reminiscences  of  the  brief  camp  life. 


>vj.1i 


r,i 


«  THE  QUAEER  COLONIES 

^ese  Quakers  were  aU  of  the  tlmfty,indu«triou« 

2r       t  ^  *""*  *"  ^***  ^^"•'y  *  few  year, 
before.    Men  of  means,  indeed,  among  the  Quak- 
ers were  the  first  to  seek  refuge  from  the  Imes  and 
confiscations  imposed   upon  them  in  England 
They  brought  with  them  excellent  supplies  of 
everythmg.    Many  of  the  ships  carried  the  frames 
of  houses  ready  to  put  together.    But  substantial 
people  o   this  sort  demanded  for  the  most  part 
bouses  o   brick,  with  stone  cellars.    Fortunately 
bott  bnck  day  and  stone  were  readily  obtainable 
m  the  neighborhood,  and  whatever  may  have  been 
the  esse  m  other  colom'es.  ships  loaded  with  brick 
from  England  would  have  found  it  KtUe  to  their 
profit  to  touch  at  Philadelphia.    An  early  descrip- 
tion says  that  the  brick  houses  in  Philadelphi^ 
were  modeled  on  those  of  London,  and  this  type 
prevaUed  for  nearly  two  hmidred  years. 

It  was  proba.;^  in  June.  1883.  that  Penn  made 
his  famous  treaty  with  the  Indians.  No  docu- 
mentary proof  of  the  existence  of  such  a  treaty 
has  readied  us.  He  made,  indeed,  a  number  of 
so-caUed  treaties,  whidi  were  reaUy  only  purdiases 

of  land  mvolvmg  oral  promises  between  the  prin- 
cipals to  treat  eadi  other  fairly.  Hundreds  of 
such  treaties  have  been  made.    The  remarkable 


PENN  SAILS  FOR  THE  DEIAWASE      S3 
part  about  Penn's  dealings  with  the  Indians  was 
that  such  promises  as  he  made  he  kept.    The 
other  Quakers,  too.  were  as  careful  as  Penn  in 
their  honorable  treatment  of  the  red  men.    Quak- 
er families  of  farmers  anH  settlers  lived  unarmed 
among  them  for  generations  and,  when  absent 
from  home,  left  children  in  their  care.    The  In- 
dians, on  their  part,  were  known  to  have  helped 
white  families  with  food  in  winter  time.    Penn, 
on  his  first  visit  to  the  colony,  made  a  long  journey 
unarmed  among  the  Indians  as  far  as  the  Susque- 
hanna, saw  the  great  herds  of  elk  on  that  river, 
lived  in  Indian  wigwams,  and  learned  much  of 
the  language  and  customs  of  the  natives.      There 
need  never  be  any  trouble  with  them,  he  said. 
They  were  the  easiest  people  in  the  world  to  get 
on  with  if  the  white  men  would  simply  be  just. 
Penn's  fair  treatment  of  the  Indians  kept  Penn- 
sylvania at  peace  with  them  for  about  seventy 
years  — in  fact,  from   1682  until  the  outbreak 
of  the  French  and  Indian  Wars,  in  1755.    In  its 
critical  period  of  growth,  Pennsylvania  was  there- 
fore not  at  all  harassed  or  checked  by  those  Indian 
hostilities  which  were  such  a  serious  impediment 
in  other  colonies. 
The  two  years  of  Penn's  first  visit  were  probably 


tl 

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**  THE  QUAKEH  COLONIES 

the  happiest  of  hi.  life.    Alwaya  fond  of  the  coun- 
try.  he  built  hinuelf  a  fine  Mat  on  the  Delaware 
near  Bristol,  and  it  would  have  been  better  for 
him,  and  probably  also  for  the  colony,  if  he  had 
remmed  there.    But  he  thought  he  had  duties 
m  Enghmd:  his  family  needed  him;  he  must  de- 
fend  hu.  people  from  the  religious  oppression  still 
prevailmg;  and  Lord  Baltimore  had  gone  to  Eng- 
land to  resist  him  in  the  boundary  dispute.    One 
of  the  more  mirrow-minded  of  his  faith  wrote  to 
Pemi  from  England  that  he  was  enjoying  himself 
too  much  in  his  colony  and  seeking  his  own  selfish 
interest.    Influenced  by  aU  these  considerations, 
he  returned  in  August,  1684.  and  it  was  long  before 
he  saw  Pemisylvania  again -not,  indeed,  until 
October,  1690,  and  then  for  only  two  years 


m 


IJFE  IN  FBTLAlHtLfBU. 

Thb  rapid  increase  of  population  and  the  growing 
prosperity  in  Pennsylvania  during  the  life  of  its 
founder  present  a  striking  contrast  to  the  slower 
and  more  troubled  growth  of  the  other  British 
colonies  in  America.  The  settlers  in  Pennsylvania 
engaged  at  once  in  profitable  agricuHure.  The 
loam,  clay,  and  limestone  soils  on  the  Pennsylvania 
side  of  the  Delaware  produced  heavy  crops  of 
grain,  as  well  as  pasture  for  cattle  and  valuable 
lumber  from  its  forests.  The  Pennsylvania  set- 
tlers were  of  a  class  particularly  skilled  in  deab'ng 
with  the  soil.  They  apparently  encountered  none 
of  the  difficulties,  due  probably  to  incompetent  farm- 
ing, which  beset  the  settlers  of  Delaware,  whose  land 
was  as  good  as  that  of  the  Pennsylvania  colonists. 

In  a  few  years  the  port  of  Philadelphia  was  load- 
ing abundant  cargoes  for  England  and  the  great 
West  India   trade.    After   much   experimenting 
u 


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••  TH£  QUAKEB  OOU>NIES 

with  different  places  on  the  river,  nich  m  New 
Cutle.  Wilmington.  Salem,  Burlington,  the  Quak- 
era  had  at  kst  /o.jnd  the  right  locatwn  for  a  great 
•eat  of  commerce  and  trade  that  could  serve  aa 
a  center  for  the  export  of  everything  from  the  re- 
gion  behind  it  and  around  it.    Philadelphia  thus 
won  became  the  basis  of  a  prosperity  which  no 
other  townsite  on  the  Debwaie  had  been  able  to 
attain.    The  Quakers  of  Phibdelphia  were  the 
■oundest  of  financiers  and  men  of  business,  and 
m  their  skillful  hands  the  natun-'  resources  of  their 
colony  were  developed  without  setback  or  acci- 
dent.   At  an  early  date  banking  institutions  were 
established  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  strongest  co- 
lonml  merchaPts  m.d  mercantile  firms  had  their 
offices  there.    It  was  out  of  such  a  sound  business 
hfe  that  were  produced  in  RevoluUonary  times 
«ich  characters  as  Eobert  Morris  and  after  the 
Revolution  men  like  Stephen  Girard. 

Pennsylvania  in  colonial  times  was  ruled  from 
Phikdelphia  somewhat  as  Prance  has  always  been 
niled  from  Paris.  And  yet  there  was  a  difference- 
Pennsylvania  had  free  government.  The  Ger- 
mans and  the  Scotch-Irish  outnumbered  the  Quak- 
ers  and  could  have  controUed  the  Legislature, 
for  m  1750  out  of  a  population  of  150.000  the 


LIFE  IN  FHUADELFHIA  C7 

Quakers  were  only  about  «0,000;  and  yet  the 
Legulature  down  to  the  Revolution  waa  alwaya 
confided  to  the  competent  handi  of  the  Quakers. 
No  higher  tribute,  indeed,  has  ever  been  paid  to  any 
group  of  people  as  governors  of  a  commonwealth 
and  architects  of  its  finance  and  trade. 

It  is  a  curious  commentary  on  the  times  and  on 
human  nature  that  these  Quaker  folk,  treated  as 
outcasts  and  enemies  of  good  order  and  religion 
in  England  and  gradually  losing  all  their  property 
in  heavy  fines  and  confiscations,  should  so  sud- 
denly in  the  wilderness  prove  the  capacity  of  their 
"Holy  Experiment"  for  achieving  the  best  sort 
of  good  order  and  material  success.    They  imme- 
diately built  a  most  charming  little  town  by  the 
waterside,  snug  and  pretty   with  its  red  brick 
houses  in  the  best  architectural  style.    It  was 
essentially  a  commercial  town  down  to  the  time 
of  the  Revolution   and  long  afterwards.    The 
principal  residences  were  on  Water  Street,  the 
second  street  from  the  wharves.    The  town  in 
those  days  extended  back  only  as  far  as  Fourth 
Street,  and  the  State  House,  now  Independence 
Hall,  an  admirable  instance  of  the  local  brick 
architecture,  stood  on  the  edge  of  the  town.    The 
Pennsylvania  Hospital  the  first  institution  of  its 


m 

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«•  THE  QUAKER  OOLOIflES 

Und  to  be  built  in  America  wu  ntiuited  out  ia 
the  Adds. 

Through  the  town  ran  •  itreun  following  the 
Ime  of  the  present  Dock  Street.    Iti  mouth  h«l 
been  a  natural  landing  phce  for  the  flrrt  explorer, 
•nd  for  the  Indian,  from  time  immemorial.    Here 
•tood  a  neat  Uvem,  the  Blue  Anchor,  with  it. 
dovecote,  in  old  Englid,  .tyle.  looking  out  for 
inany  a  year  over  the  river  with  it.  fleet  of  .mall 
boat..    Along  the  wharve.  by  the  very  wild, 
broad,  wmber.  Quaker-like  brick  warehou**.  «,me 
rf   which   have   .urvived   into   modem   time.. 
Everywhere  were  to  be  found  .hip.  and  the  good 
seafaring  .mell  of  tar  and  henp.    Ships  were  built 
and  fitted  out  alongside  dock,  where  other  ihips 
were  lading.    A  privateer  would  receive  her  equip- 
ment  of  guns,  pistols,  and  cutlane.  on  one  .ide  of 
a  wharf,  while  on  the  other  .ide  a  diip  was  peace- 
fully  loading  wheat  or  salted  provi.ion.  for  the 
West  Indies. 

Everybody's  attention  in  those  days  was  cen- 
tered on  the  water  instead  of  inland  on  railroad, 
as  It  is  today.  Ck.mmerce  was  the  source  of  wealth 
of  the  town  a.  agriculture  was  the  wealth  of  the 
intmor  of  the  province.  Every  one  lived  dose 
to  the  nver  and  had  an  interest  in  the  rise  and  faU 


N 


LIF£  IN  ranuu>EUHu  » 

ol  the  tide.    The  little  town  ortended  for  a  mfle 
akoc  the  water  but  icarcely  half  a  mile  back  from 
it.    All  communication  with  other  placei.  all  newi 
from  the  world  of  Europe  came  from  the  ihipe, 
whow  captains  brought  the  letten  and  the  few 
newipapen  which  reached  the  colonista.    An  im- 
portant ihip  on  her  arrival  often  fired  a  gun  and 
dn^ped  anchor  with  some  ca«mony.    Immedi- 
ately the  shore  boats  swarmed  to  her  side;  the 
captain  was  besieged  for  news  and  usually  brought 
the  letters  ashore  to  be  distributed  at  the  coffee- 
house.   This  institution  took  the  place  of  the 
modem  stock  exchange,  clearing  house,  newspa- 
per, university,  club,  and  theater  all  under  one 
roof,  with  plenty  to  eat  and  drink  besides.    Within 
its  rooms  vessels  and  cargoes  were  sold;  before  its 
door  negro  sUves  were  auctioned  off;  and  around 
it  as  a  common  center  were  brought  together  all 
sorts  of  business,  valuable  information,  gossip, 
and  scandal.    It  must  have  been  a  brilliant  scene 
in  the  evening,  with  the  candles  lighting  embroid- 
ered red  and  yellow  waistcoats,  blue  and  scarlet 
coats,  green  and  black  velvet,  with  the  rich  drab 
and  mouse  color  of  the  prosperous  Quakers  con- 
trasting with  the  uniforms  of  Britisu  officers  come 
to  fight  the  French  and  Indian  wars. 


t.  < 


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M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Sound,  as  wdl  as  color,  had  its  place  in  tWs 
busy  and  happy  colonial  life.    Christ  Church  a 
brick  buflding  which  still  stands  the  perfeeUra 
of  colonial  architecture  had  been  established  by 
the  Church  of  England  people  defiantly  in  tlie 
midst  of  heretical  Quakerdom.   It  soon  possessed 
a  chime  of  bells  sent  out  from  England.   Captain 
Budden,  who  brought  them  in  his  ship  MyrtiOa. 
would  charge  no  fre«ht  for  so  charitable  a  deed 
and  in  consequence  of  his  generosity  eveiy  time 
he  and  his  ship  appeared  in  the  harbor  the  bells 
were  rung  in  his  honor.     They  were  rung  on 
market  days  to  please  the  farmers  who  came  into 
town  with  their  wagons  loaded  with  poultry  and 
vegetables.    They  were  rung  muffled  in  times  of 
public  disaster  and  were  kept  busy  in  that  way  in 
the  French  and  Indian  wars.    They  were  also  rung 
muffled  for  Franklin  when  it  was  learned  that 
while  m  London  he  had  favored  the  Stamp  Act 
-a  means  of  expressing  popular  opinion  wWch 
the  newspapers  subsequently  put  out  of  date. 

The  severe  Quaker  code  of  conduct  and  peaceful 
contemplation  contains  no  prohibition  against 
good  eating  and  drinking.  Quakers  have  been 
^own  to  have  the  gout.  The  opportunities  in 
l-hiladelphia  to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  the  table 


I! 


LIFE  IN  PHILADELPHIA  si 

were  soon  unlimited.  Fann,  garden,  and  dairy 
products,  vegetables,  poultry,  beef,  and  mutton 
were  soon  produced  in  immense  quantity  and 
variety  and  of  excellent  quality.  John  Adams, 
coming  from  the  "plain  living  and  high  thinking" 
of  Boston  to  attend  the  first  meeting  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  in  Philadelphia,  was  invited  to 
dine  with  Stqphen  Collins,  a  typical  Quaker,  and 
was  amazed  at  the  feast  set  before  him.  From 
that  time  his  diary  records  one  after  another  of 
these  "sinful  feasts,"  as  he  calls  them.  But  the 
sin  at  which  he  thus  looks  askance  never  seems 
to  have  withheld  him  from  a  generous  indulgence. 
"Drank  Madeira  at  a  great  rate,"  he  says  on  one 
occasion,  "and  took  no  harm  from  it."  Madeira 
obtained  in  the  trade  with  Spain  was  the  popular 
drink  even  at  the  taverns.  Various  forms  of  punch 
and  rum  were  common,  but  the  modem  light  winfs 
and  champagne  were  not  then  in  vogue. 

Food  in  great  quantity  and  variety  seems  to 
have  been  placed  on  the  table  at  the  same  time, 
with  Mttle  regard  to  formal  courses.  Beef,  poul- 
try, and  mutton  would  all  be  served  at  one  dinner. 
Fruit  and  nuts  were  placed  on  the  table  in  profu- 
sion, as  well  as  puddings  and  desserts  numerous 
and  deadly.    Dinners  were  served  usually  in  the 


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I    { 


«  THE  QUAKER  C»LONIES 

afternoon.  The  splendid  banquet  which  Adams  de- 
scribes as  given  to  some  members  of  the  Continen- 
tal  Congress  by  CSiief  Justice  Chew  at  his  country 
seat  was  held  at  four  in  the  afternoon.    The  din- 
ner hour  was  stiU  in  the  afternoon  long  after  the 
Revolution  and  down  to  the  times  of  the  Civil  War 
Other  reHcs  of  this  old  love  of  good  living  lasted 
mto  modem  times.    It  was  not  so  very  long  ago 
that  an  occasional  householder  of  wealth  and  dis- 
tinction in  Philadelphia  could  stiD  be  found  who 
insisted  on  doing  his  own  marketing  in  the  old 
way.  going  himself  the  first  thing  in  the  morn- 
ing on  certain  days  to  the  excellent  markets  and 
purchasing  aD  the  family  supplies.    Philadelphia 
poultry  is  still  famous  the  country  over;  and  to 
be  a  good  judge  of  poultry  was  in  the  old  days  as 
much  a  point  of  merit  as  to  be  a  good  judge  of 
Madeira.    A  typical  Philadelphian.  envious  New 
Yorkers  say.  will  stiU  keep  a  line  of  depositors 
waiting  at  a  bank  while  he  discourses  to  the  re- 
ceiving teUer  on  what  a  splendid  purchase  of  poul- 
try  he  had  made  that  morning.    Early  in  the  last 
century  a  wealthy  leader  of  the  bar  is  said  to  have 
continued  the  old  practice  of  going  to  market  fol- 
lowed by  a  negro  with  a  wheelbarrow  to  bring 
back  the  supplies. 


w 


UFE  IN  FHnADELFHIA  SS 

Not  content  with  feasting  in  their  own  homes, 
the  colonial  Fhiladelphians  were  continually  ban- 
queting at  the  numerous  taverns,  from  the  Coach 
and  Horses,  opposite  the  State  House,  down  to 
the  Penny  Pot  Inn  close  by  the  river.  At  the 
C!oach  and  Horses,  where  the  city  elections  were 
usually  held,  the  discarded  oyster  shells  around 
it  had  been  trampled  into  a  hard  white  and  smooth 
floor  over  which  surged  the  excited  election  crowds. 
In  those  taverns  the  old  fashion  prevailed  of  roast- 
ing great  joints  of  meat  on  a  turnspit  before  an 
open  fire;  and  to  keep  the  spit  turning  before  the 
heat  little  dogs  were  trained  to  work  in  a  sort  of 
treadmill  cage. 

In  nothing  is  this  colonial  prosperity  better  re- 
vealed than  in  the  quality  of  the  country  seats. 
They  were  usually  built  of  stone  and  sometimes 
of  brick  and  stone,  substantial,  beautifully  pro- 
portioned, admirable  in  taste,  with  a  certain  sim- 
plicity, yet  indicating  a  people  of  wealth,  leisure, 
and  refinement,  who  believed  in  themselves  and 
took  pleasure  in  adorning  their  lives.  Not  a  few 
of  these  homes  on  the  outskirts  of  the  dty  have 
come  down  to  us  unharmed,  and  Cliveden,  Sten- ' 
ton,  and  Belmont  are  precious  relics  of  such  solid 
structure  that  with  ordinary  care  they  will  -'ill 


'i  % 


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II 

nn 


r. 


84  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

last  for  centuries.    Many  were  destroyed  during 
the  Revolution;  others,  such  as  Landsdowne,  the 
seat  of  one  of  the  Penn  family,  buflt  in  the  Italian 
style,  have  disappeared;  others  were  wiped  out  by 
the  city's  growth.    M  of  them,  even  the  smaU 
ones,  were  most  interesting  and  typical  of  the  life 
of  the  times.    The  colonists  b<«an  to  build  them 
very  early.    A  family  would  have  a  solid,  brick 
town  house  and,  only  a  mile  or  so  away,  a  country 
house  which  was  equaUy  substantial.    Sometimes 
they  built  at  a  greater  distance.    Governor  Keith, 
'or  example,  had  a  country  seat,  still  standing 
though  built  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, some  twenty-five  mHes  north  of  the  city  in 
what  was  then  almost  a  wilderness. 

Penn's  ideal  had  always  been  to  have  Philadel- 
phia what  he  called  "a  green  country  town." 
Probably  he  had  in  mind  the  beautiful  English 
towns  of  abundant  foliage  and  open  spaces.  And 
Penn  was  successful,  for  many  of  the  Philadelphia 
houses  stood  by  themselves,  with  gardens  round 
them.  The  present  Wahiut  was  first  caUed  Pool 
Street;  Chestnut  was  called  Winn  Street;  and 
Market  was  called  High  Street.  If  he  could  have 
foreseen  the  enc-mous  modem  growth  of  the  city, 
he  might  not  have  made  his  streets  so  narrow  and 


LTB  IN  FHILADELFHU  35 

level.  But  the  fault  lies  perhaps  rather  with  the 
people  for  adhering  so  rigidly  and  for  so  long  to 
Penn's  scheme,  when  traffic  that  he  could  not  have 
imagined  demanded  wider  streets.  If  he  could  have 
lived  into  our  times  he  would  surely  have  sent  us 
very  positive  directions  in  his  bluff  British  way 
to  break  up  the  original  rectangular,  narrow  plan 
which  was  becoming  dismally  monotonous  when 
applied  to  a  widely  spread-out  modem  city.  He 
was  a  theologian,  but  he  had  a  very  keen  eye  for 
appearances  and  beauty  of  surroundings. 


Ji 


%'\ 


CHAPTER  IV 


w 


It 


:§ 


TTPBS  OF  THE  FOPUIATION 

Thb  iu  -ival  of  colonists  in  Pennsylvania  in  greater 
numbers  than  in  Delavire  and  the  Jerseys  was 
the  more  notable  becatae,  within  a  few  years  aftw 
Pennsylvania  was  fomided,  persecution  of  the 
Quakers  ceased  in  England  and  oi  e  prolific  cause 
of  their  migration  was  no  more.  Thirteen  hundred 
Quakers  were  released  from  prison  in  1686  by 
James  11;  and  in  1689,  when  William  of  Orange 
took  the  throne,  toleration  was  extended  to  the 
Quakers  and  other  Protestant  dissenters. 

The  success  of  the  first  Quakers  who  came  to 
America  brought  others  even  after  persecution 
ceased  in  England.  The  most  numerous  class  of 
immigrants  for  the  first  fifteen  or  twenty  years 
were  Welsh,  most  of  whom  were  Quakers  with 
a  few  Baptists  and  Church  of  England  people. 
They  may  have  come  not  so  much  from  a  desire 
to  flee  from  persecution  as  to  build  up  a  little 


Il 


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'I  >I\VI    'Mil' 


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TCTB8  OF  THE  FOPCLATION  87 

Wdsh  commimity  and  to  revive  Welah  natioiutl- 
km.  In  their  new  surroundiDgs  they  ipoke  their 
own  Wddi  hnguage  and  veiy  few  of  them  had 
learned  Englidi.  Th^  had  been  encouraged  in 
their  national  aspirations  by  an  agreement  with 
Penn  that  they  were  to  have  a  tract  of  40,000  acres 
where  they  could  live  by  themselves.  The  land 
assigned  to  tHem  lay  west  of  Philadelphia  in  that 
high  ridge  along  the  present  main  line  of  the  Penn- 
^Ivania  Railroad,  now  so  noted  for  its  wealthy 
suburban  homes.  All  the  important  names  of 
townships  and  places  in  that  region,  such  as  Wynne- 
wood.  St.  Davids.  Berwyn.  Biyn  Mawr,  Merion, 
Haverford,  Radnor,  are  Welsh  m  origin.  Some 
of  the  Welsh  spread  round  to  the  north  of  PhUa- 
delphia.  where  names  like  Gwynedd  and  Penllyn 
remain  as  their  memorials.  The  Chester  Valley 
bordering  the  high  ridge  of  their  first  settlement 
they  called  Duffrin  Mawr  or  Great  Valley. 

These  Welsh,  like  so  many  of  the  Quakers,  were 
of  a  well-to-do  class.  They  rapidly  developed 
their  fertile  land  and,  for  pioneers,  lived  quite 
luxuriously.  They  had  none  of  the  usual  county 
and  township  officers  but  ruled  their  Welsh  Barony, 
as  it  was  called,  through  the  authority  of  their 
Quaker  meetings.    But  this  system  eventually 


n 


Mi 

4' 


i 


f\ 


«  THB  QUAKER  COLONIES 

jMpp«Med.  The  Wekh  were  .bwrbwl  Into  the 
Engltah  popuUUon.  and  in  a  couple  of  generatioiu 
their  language  diiappeared.  PJominent  people 
•re  dcMended  from  them.  David  Rittenhouae. 
the  artronomer.  wa*  WeWi  on  his  mother'a  aide. 
David  Uoyd.  for  a  long  time  the  leader  of  the 
popular  party  and  at  one  time  Chief  Jurtke 
wu  a  Webhman.  Since  the  Revolution  the 
Welsh  names  of  Cadwalader  and  Meredith  have 
been  conspicuous. 

The  Church  of  England  people  formed  a  curious 
•nd  decidedly  hostile  element  in  the  early  popu- 
lation of  Pennsylvania.    They  established  them- 
•elves  in  Phihidelphia  in  the  beginning  and  rapidly 
grew  mto  a  political  party  which,  while  it  cannot 
be  called  very  strong  in  numbers,  was  imp«tant 
m  ability  and  influence.    After  Penn's  death,  his 
aomi  joined  the  Church  of  England,  and  the  Church- 
men m  the  province  became  still  stronger.    They 
formed  the  basis  of  the  proprietary  party,  filled 
executive  offices  in  the  Government,  and  waged 
relenUess  war  against  the  Quaker  majority  which 
controlled  the  Legislature.    During  Penn's  life- 
time the  Churchmen  were  naturally  opposed  to 
the  whole  government,  both  executive  and  legis- 
lative.   They  were  constantly  sending  home  to 


TYPES  OP  THE  POFDIATION  M 

Eni^and  all  mxeU  of  rcporti  ud  iofonnation  ai. 
«l«ted  to  ihow  thst  the  Quaken  wen  unfit  to 
rule  •  provinoe.  that  Penn  ihould  be  deprived  of 
hii  charter,  and  that  Pennsylvania  ahould  be  put 
under  the  direct  rule  of  the  King. 

Tbey  had  delightful  icheme*  for  making  it  a 
•trong  Church  of  England  colony  like  Viiginia. 
One  of  them  auggested  that.  a«  the  title  to  the 
Three  Lower  Counties,  as  Dekware  was  called, 
was  in  dispute,  it  should  be  taken  by  the  Crown 
•ad  given  to  the  Church  as  a  manor  to  support  a 
bishop.  Such  an  ecclesiastic  certainly  could  have 
lived  in  princely  sUte  from  the  rents  of  its  fertile 
farms,  with  a  palace,  retinue,  chamberlains,  chan- 
cellors, feudal  courte,  and  all  the  appendages  of 
earthly  glory.  For  the  sake  of  the  picturesque- 
nns  of  colonial  hisbwy  it  is  periiaps  a  pity  that 
this  pious  plan  was  never  carried  out. 

As  it  was,  however,  the  Churchmen  esteblished 
themselves  with  not  a  little  glamour  and  romance 
round  two  institutio.s,  Christ  Church  for  the  first 
fifty  years,  and  after  that  round  the  old  College 
of  Philadelphia.  The  Reverend  William  Smith,  a 
pugnacious  and  eloquent  Scotchman,  led  them  in 
many  a  gallant  onset  against  the  "haughty  tribe" 
of  Quakers,  and  he  even  suffered  imprisonment  in 


l4 


;l  t 


a 


0  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

the  cause.  He  had  a  country  seat  on  the  Sehuyl- 
kai  and  was  in  his  w,iy  a  fine  character,  devoted 
to  the  establishment  of  ecclesiastidsm  and  high- 
er learning  as  a  bulwark  against  the  menace  of 
Quaker  fanaticism;  and  but  for  the  coming  on  of 
the  Revolution  he  m%ht  have  become  the  first 
colonial  bishop  with  all  the  palaces,  pomp,  and  gloiy 
appertaining  thereunto. 

In  spite  of  this  opposition,  however,  the  Quak- 
ers continued  then:  control  of  the  colony,  serenely 
tolerating  the  anathemas  of  the  learned  Church- 
men and  the  fierce  curses  and  brandished  weapons 
of  the  Presbyterians  and   Scotch-Irish.    Curses 
and  anathemas  were  no  check  to  the  fertile  soil. 
Grist  continued  to  come  to  the  mill;  and  the  agri- 
cultural  products  poured  into  Philadelphia  to  be 
carried  away  in  the  shqw.    The  contemplative 
Quaker  took  his  profits  as  they  passed;  enacted 
his  liberalizing  laws,  his  prison  reform,  his  chari- 
ties, his  peace  with  the  savage  Indians;  allowed 
science,  research,  and  aU  the  kindly  arts  of  life  to 
flourish;  and  seemed  perfectly  contented  with  the 
damnation  in  the  other  world  to  which  those  who 
flourished  under  his  rule  consigned  him. 

In  discussing  the  remarkable  success  of  the 
province,  the  colonists  always  disputed  whether 


TYPES  OF  THE  POPULATION  41 

the  credit  should  be  given  to  the  fertile  soil  or  to 
the  liberal  laws  and  constitution.  It  was  no  doubt 
due  to  both.  But  the  obvious  advantages  of 
Penn's  charter  over  the  mixed  and  troublesome 
governmental  conditions  in  the  Jerseys,  Penn's 
personal  fame  and  the  repute  of  the  Quakers  for 
liberalism  then  at  its  zenith,  and  the  wide  adver- 
tising given  to  their  ideas  and  Penn's,  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe  as  well  as  in  England,  seem  to 
have  been  the  reasons  why  more  people,  and  many 
besides  Quakers,  came  to  take  advantage  of  that 
fertile  soil. 

The  first  great  increase  of  alien  population  came 
from  Germany,  which  wt  still  m  a  state  of  reli- 
gious turmoil,  disunion,  and  depresy'on  from  the 
results  of  the  Reformation  and  the  Thirty  Years' 
War.  The  reaction  from  dogma  in  Germany  had 
produced  a  multitude  of  sects,  all  yearning  for 
greater  liberty  and  prosperity  than  they  had  at 
home.  Penn  and  other  Quakers  had  made  mis- 
sionary toturs  in  Germany  and  had  pretched  to 
the  people.  The  Germans  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  asked  to  come  to  the  Jerseys.  But  they  were 
urged  to  come  to  Pennsylvania  as  soon  as  the 
charter  was  obtained;  and  many  of  them  made 
an  immediate  response. 


II 


42 


TBE 


m 


QUAKER  COLONIiS 
lie  German  mind  waa  then  at  the  height  of  its 
emotomil  unrertraint.    It  was  a,  unaccustomed 
to  Kberty  of  thought  as  to  political  liberty  and  it 
produced  a  new  sect  or  religious  distinction  ahnost 
every  day.    Many  of  these  sects  came  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, where  new  smaU  religious  bodies  sprang 
"P  among  them  after  their  arrival.    Schwenkfel- 
ders  Tunkers.  Labadists.  New  Bom.  New  Moon- 
ers,  Separatists.  Zion's  Brueder.  Ronsdorfer.  In- 
sp«d   Quietists.  Gichtelians.  Depellians.  Moun- 
tam  Men,  River  Brethren.  Brinser  Brethren,  and 
the  Society  of  the  Woman  in  the  Wilderness,  are 
names  which  occur  in  the  amials  of  the  p„,vince. 
But  these  are  only  a  few.    In  Lancaster  County 
alone  the  number  has  at  different  times  been  esti- 
mated at  from  twenty  to  thirty.    It  would  proba- 
bly  be  impossible  to  make  a  complete  list;  some  of 
them.  mdeed.eristed  for  only  a  few  years.    Heir 
own  writers  describe  them  as  comitless  and  be- 
mldermg.   Many  of  them  were  characterized  by 
the  strangest  sort  of  German  mysticism,  and  some 
of  them  were  inclined  to  monastic  and  hermit  life 
and  their  devotees  often  hVed  in  caves  or  solitary 
huts  m  the  woods.  ' 

It  would  hardly  be  accurate  to  call  all  the  Ger- 
man sects  Quakers,  since  a  great  deal  of  their 


TYPES  OF  THE  POPULATION  43 

mysticism  would  have  been  anything  but  con- 
genial to  the  followers  of  Fox  and  Penn.  Resem- 
blances to  Quaker  doctrine  can,  however,  be  found 
among  many  of  tiem;  and  there  was  one  large 
sect,  the  Mennonites,  who  were  often  spoken  of  as 
German  Quakers.  The  two  divisions  fratetnized 
and  preached  in  ea«h  other's  meetings.  The  Men- 
nonites were  well  educated  as  a  class  and  Pas- 
torius,  their  leader,  was  a  ponderously  learned 
German.  Most  of  the  German  sects  left  the 
Quakers  in  imdisturbed  possession  of  Philadelphia, 
and  spread  out  into  the  surrounding  region,  which 
was  then  a  wilderness.  They  and  all  the  other 
Germans  who  afterwards  followed  them  settled 
in  a  half  circle  beginning  at  Easton  on  the  Dela- 
ware, passing  up  the  Lehigh  Valley  into  Lancaster 
County,  thence  across  the  £  isquehanna  and  down 
the  Cumberland  VaUey  to  the  Maryland  border, 
which  many  of  them  crossed,  and  in  time  scat- 
tered far  to  the  south  in  Virginia  and  even  North 
Carolina,  where  their  descendants  are  still  found. 
These  German  sects  which  came  over  under 
the  influence  of  Penn  and  the  Quakers,  between 
the  years  1682  and  1702,  formed  a  class  by  them- 
selves. Though  they  may  be  regarded  as  peculiar 
in  their  ideas  and  often  in  their  manner  of  life,  it 


I' I 
ill 


"J  I 


1 .  '■  ■.• 


*\4'   »l 


M. 


iilf. 


•*  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

cannot  be  denied  that  as  a  class  they  were  a  well- 
educated,  thrifty,  and  excellent  people  and  far 
superior  to  the  rough  German  peasants  who  fol- 
lowed them  in  later  years.  This  latter  class  was 
often  spoken  of  in  Pennsylvania  as  "the  church 
people,"  to  distinguish  them  from  "the  sects,"  as 
those  of  the  earlier  migration  were  called. 

The  church  people,  or  peasantry  of  the  later 
migration,  belonged  usually  to  one  of  the  two 
dominant  churches  of  Germany,  the  Lutheran  or 
the  Reformed.    Those  of  the  Reformed  Church 
were  often  spoken  of  as  Calvinists.    This  migra- 
tion of  the  church  people  was  not  due  to  the  ex- 
ample of  the  Quakers  but  was  the  result  of  a  new 
policy  which  was  adopted  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment when  Queen  Anne  ascended  the  throne  in 
1702.  and  which  aimed  at  keeping  the  English 
people  at  home  and  at  filling  the  English  colonies 
m  America  with  foreign  Protestants  hostile  to 
Prance  and  Spain. 

Large  numbers  of  these  immigrants  were  "re- 
demptioners."  as  they  were  called;  that  is  to  say. 
they  were  persons  who  had  been  obliged  to  seU 
themselves  to  the  shippinj  agents  to  pay  for  their 
passage.  On  their  arrival  in  Pennsylvania  the 
captain  sold  them  to  the  colonists  to  pay  the 


TYPES  OF  THE  POPDIATION  48 

passage,  and  the  redemptioner  had  to  work  for  his 
owner  for  a  period  varying  from  five  to  ten  years. 
No  stigma  or  disgrace  clung  to  any  of  these  peo- 
ple under  this  system.  It  was  rqpirded  as  a 
necessary  business  transaction.  Not  a  few  of  the 
very  respectable  families  of  the  State  and  some  of 
its  prominent  men  are  known  to  be  descended 
from  redemptioners. 

This  method  of  transporting  colonists  proved  a 
profitable  trade  for  the  shipping  people,  and  was 
soon  regularly  organized  like  the  modem  assisted 
immigration.  Agents,  called  "newlanders"  and 
"soul-sellers,"  traveled  through  Germany  work- 
ing up  the  transatlantic  traffic  by  various  devices, 
some  of  them  not  altogether  creditable.  Pennsyl- 
vania proved  to  be  the  most  attractive  region  for 
these  immigrants.  Some  of  those  who  were  taken 
to  other  colonies  finally  worked  their  way  to  Penn- 
sylvania. Practically  none  went  to  New  England, 
and  very  few,  if  any,  to  Virginia.  Indeed,  only 
certain  colonies  were  willing  to  admit  them. 

Another  important  element  that  went  to  make 
up  the  Pennsylvania  population  consisted  of  the 
Scotch-Irish.  They  were  descendants  of  Scotch 
and  English  Presbyterians  who  had  gone  to  Ireland 
to  take  up  the  estates  of  the  Irish  rebels  confiscated 


•f 
1 


•1; 

"V,| 


H}.' 


*-l  'j 

i  n 


H  r 


ft' 


f  1 


«•  THE  QDAKEB  COLONIES 

under  Queen  Eliabeth  and  James  I.    Thfamkn^ 

after  1600,  was  encouraged  by  th^  English  Govern- 
ment.  Towards  the  middle  of  ^e  seventeenth 
century  the  confiscation  of  more  Irish  land  under 
Cromwell's  rtgime  increased  the  migration  to 
Wster  Many  English  joined  the  migration,  and 
Scotch  of  the  Lowlands  who  were  largely  of  Eng- 
lish ^traction,  although  there  were  many  Gaelic 
or  Celtic  names  among  them. 

These  are  the  people  usually  known  in  English 
history  as  Ubtermen  -  the  same  who  made  such 
a  heroic  defense  of  Londondeny  against  Jame^ 
and  the  same  who  in  modem  times  have  resisted 
home  rule  in  IreLmd  because  it  would  bury  them, 
they  beheve.  under  the  tyranny  of  their  old  ene- 
mies, the  native  Irish  Catholic  majority.    They 
were  more  thrifty  and  industrious  than  the  native 
L|«h  and  as  a  result  they  usually  prospered  on 
the  Insh  land.    At  first  they  were  in  a  more  or 
less  constant  state  of  war  with  the  native  Irish, 
who  attempted  to  expel  them.    They  were  sub- 
sequentiy  persecuted  by  the  Church  of  England 
under  Charles  I.  who  attempted  to  force  Uiem  to 
conform  to  the  English  established  religion.    Such 
a  rugged  schooling  in  Ireland  made  of  them  a  very 


TYPES  OP  THE  POPDLATION  47 

aggressive,  hardy  people,  Protestants  <rf  the  Prot- 
estanfa,  so  accustomed  to  contests  and  warfare 
that  they  accepted  it  as  the  natural  sUte  of  man. 
These  Ulstermen  came  to  Pennsylvania  some- 
what later  than  the  first  German  sects;  and  not 
many  of  them  arrived  until  some  years  after  1700. 
They  were  not,  like  the  first  Germans,  attracted 
to  the  colony  by  any  resemblance  of  their  religion 
to  that  of  the  Quakers.    On  the  contrary  they 
were  entirely  out  of  sympathy  with  the  Quakers, 
except  in  the  one  point  of  religious  liberty;  and 
the  Quakers  were  certainly  out  of  sympathy  with 
them.    Nearly  all  the  colonies  in  America  received 
a  share  of  these  settlers.    Wherever  they  went 
they  usually  sought  the  frontier  and  the  wilder- 
ness; and  by  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  they 
could  be  found  upon  the  whole  colom'al  frontier 
from  New  Hampshire  to  Georgia.    They  were 
quite  numerous  in  Virginia,  and  most  numerous 
along  the  edge  of  the  Pennsylvania  wilderness.    It 
was  apparently  the  liberal  laws  and  the  fertile  soil 
that  drew  them  to  Pennsylvania  in  spite  of  their 
contempt  for  most  of  the  Quaker  doctrines. 

The  di«am  of  their  IHe,  their  haven  of  rest,  was 
for  these  Scotch-Irish  a  fwtile  soil  where  they 
would  find  neither  Irish  "papists"  nor  Church  of 


!«*l 


k  ■  i 


'>'ji. 


ni 


m 


I 


«  TBE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

England:  and  for  thi.  «.««,n  in  America  they 
always  Mught  the  fronUer  where  they  could  be 
bythemaelve,.    They  could  not  even  get  on  well 
With  the  Gennana  in  Pennsylvania;  and  when  the 
Germans  crowded  into  their  frontier  settlements, 
quarrels  became  so  frequent  that  the  proprietors 
asked  the  Ulstermen  to  move  farther  west,  a  sug- 
gwtion  which  they  were  usually  quite  willing  to 
Mcept    At  the  close  of  the  colonial  period  in 
Pennsylvania  the  Quakers,  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land people,  and  the  miscellaneous  denominations 
occupied  Philadelphia  and  the  region  round  it  in 
a  half  circle  from  the  Delaware  River.    Outside 
of  this  area  lay  another  containing  the  Germans, 
and  b^ond  that  were  the  Scotch-Irish.    The 
principal  stronghold  of  the  Scotch-Irish  was  the 
Cumberland  VaUey  in  Southern  Pennsylvania 
west  of  the  Susquehanna,  a  region  now  containing 
the  flourishing  towns  of  Chambersbuig,  Gettys- 
burg. Carlisle,  and  York,  where  the  descendants 
of  these  early  setUers  are  still  very  numerous 
In  modem  times,  however,  they  have  spread  out 
widely;  they  are  now  to  be  found  aU  over  the  State, 
and  they  no  longer  desire  so  strongly  to  live 
by  themselves. 
The  Ulstermen.  owing  to  the  circumstances  of 


m 


TYPES  OF  THE  FOPDLATION  49 

thdr  earlier  life,  had  no  sympathy  whatever  with 
the  Quaker's  objectiob  to  war  or  with  his  desire 
to  deal  fairly  with  the  Indians  and  pay  them  for 
their  land.  As  Presbyterians  and  Calvinists,  they 
belonged  to  one  of  the  older  and  more  conservative 
divisions  of  the  Reformation.  The  Quaker's  doc- 
trine of  the  inward  light,  his  quietism,  contem- 
plation, and  advanced  ideas  were  quite  incompre- 
hensible to  them.  As  for  the  Indians,  they  held 
that  the  Old  Testament  commands  the  destruction 
of  all  the  heathen;  and  as  for  paying  the  savages 
for  their  land,  it  seemed  ridiculous  to  waste  money 
on  such  an  object  when  they  could  exterminate 
the  natives  at  less  cost.  The  Ulstermcn,  therefore, 
settled  on  the  Indian  land  as  they  pleased,  or  for 
that  matter  on  any  land,  and  were  continually 
getting  into  difficulty  with  the  Pennsylvania  Crov- 
emment  no  less  than  with  the  Indiana.  Th«y 
regarded  any  region  into  which  they  entered  as 
constituting  a  sovereign  state.  It  was  this  feeling 
of  independence  which  subsequently  prompted 
them  to  organize  what  is  known  as  the  Whisky 
Rebellion  when,  after  the  Revolution,  the  Fedentl 
Government  put  a  tax  on  the  liquor  which  th^ 
so  much  esteemed  as  a  product,  for  com  converted 
into  whisky  was  more  easily  transported  on  horses 


m 


I.' 


It 


I   'I 


i 


i' 


«0  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

over  mountain  tnilt.  and  in  that  fom  fetched  a 

better  price  in  the  mariceti. 

After  the  year  17M.  when  the  Quaker  method 
of  dealing  with  the  Indian*  no  longer  prevailed, 
the  Sootch-Iridi  lived  on  the  frontier  in  a  oontin- 
ual  state  of  savage  warfare  which  lasted  for  the 
next  forty  years.    War.  hunting  the  abundant 
game,  the  deer,  buffalo,  and  elk.  and  some  agricul- 
ture fiBed  the  measure  of  their  days  and  yean. 
They  paid  little  attention  to  the  kws  of  the  prov- 
mce.  which  were  difficult  to  enforce  on  the  distant 
frontier,  and  they  administered  a  criminal  code  of 
their  own  with  whipping  or  "laced  jacket,"  as 
th«gr  called  it.  as  a  punishment.    They  were  Jacks 
of  aU  trades,  weaving  their  own  cloth  and  making 
nearly  eveiything  thqr  needed.    They  were  the 
fi«t  people  in  America  to  devetop  the  use  of  the 
rifle,  and  th«y  used  it  in  the  Back  Country  aU  the 
way  down  into  the  Carolinas  at  a  time  when  H 
was  seldom  seen  in  the  seaboard  settlements.    In 
those  days,  rifles  were  largely  manufactured  m 
Lancaster.  Pennsylvania,  and  there  were  several 
famous  gmismiths  in  Philadelphia.    Some  of  the 
best  of  these  old  rifles  have  been  preserved  and 
are  really  beautiful  weapons,  with  delicate  hair 
tnggers.  gracefully  curved  stocks,  and  quaint  brass 


TCTES  OP  THB  FOPDUTIQN  «l 

or  0VCB  gold  or  diver  mountings.  The  omamenta- 
tioo  wu  often  done  by  the  hunter  hinuelf.  who 
woul-  melt  «  goM  or  nlver  com  and  pour  it  into 
■ome  deiign  which  he  had  carved  with  hit  knife 
in  thettodc. 

The  Revolution  offered  an  opportunity  after 
the  Ul«termen'«  heart,  and  thqr  entered  it  with 
thdr  entire  spirit,  a*  they  had  every  other  contest 
whidi  involved  Uberty  and  independence.  In  fact, 
in  that  period  they  played  such  a  conspicuoua 
part  that  they  ahnost  ruled  Philadelphia,  the  origi- 
nal home  of  the  Quakers.  Since  then,  spread 
out  through  the  SUte,  they  have  always  had 
great  influence,  the  natural  result  of  their  enei^y, 
intelligence,  and  love  of  education. 

Nearly  all  these  divwse  elements  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania population  were  decidedly  sectional  in 
chwacter.  The  Welsh  had  a  language  of  their 
own,  and  th^r  attempted,  though  without  success, 
to  maintain  it,  as  well  as  a  government  of  their 
own  within  their  barony  independent  of  the  ngular 
government  of  the  province.  The  Germans  were 
also  extremely  sectional.  Thqr  clung  with  better 
success  to  their  own  language,  customs,  and  liter- 
ature. The  Scotch-Irish  were  so  clannish  that 
th«r  had  ideas  of  founding  a  separate  province  on 


.4 


i 
i 

II 


tJL.J 

3  i 


M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

the  Smquduums.  Even  the  Church  of  Englaiid 
people  wen  m  ahiof  and  partiMUi  that,  though 
thqr  Uyed  about  Fhihulelphia  among  the  Quakers, 

they  were  extremely  hortile  to  the  Quaker  nik  and 
unremittingly  atrove  to  destroy  it 

An  these  deavages  and  divisions  in  the  popida- 
tion  continue  in  their  effects  to  this  day.  They 
prevented  the  devek>pment  of  a  homogeneous 
population.  No  exact  statistics  were  taken  of 
the  numbers  of  the  different  nationalities  in  co- 
kmial  times;  but  Franklin's  estimate  is  probably 
fairly  accurate,  and  ]us  position  m  practical  poli- 
tics gave  him  the  means  of  knowing  and  of  testing 
his  calcuktions.  About  the  year  1750  he  esti- 
mated the  popuktion  as  one-third  Quaker,  one- 
third  German,  and  one-third  miscellaneous.  This 
gave  about  50,000  or  60,000  to  each  of  the  thirds. 
Ptovost  Smith,  of  the  newly  founded  college,  esti- 
mated the  Quakers  at  only  about  40,000.  But 
his  estimate  seems  too  low.  He  was  interested  in 
making  out  their  numbers  small  because  he  was 
trying  to  show  the  absurdity  of  allowing  such  a 
small  band  of  fanatics  and  heretics  to  rule  a  great 
province  of  the  British  Empire.  One  great  source 
of  the  Quaker  power  Uy  in  the  sympathy  of  the 
Germans,  who  always  voted  on  their  side  and  kqrt 


TYPES  OF  THE  POPCUTION  u 

them  In  control  of  the  Leginlature.  m  that  it  waa 
fa  mKly  B  CM  of  two-third*  ruling  one-third. 
The  Quaken,  it  muit  be  admitted,  never  lost  their 
heads.  Unperturbed  through  all  the  conflicU 
and  the  jarring  of  racm  and  secta,  they  held  their 
position  unimpaired  and  kept  the  confidenre  and 
support  of  the  Germans  until  the  Revo'ntion 
changed  everything. 

The  varied  elements  of  population  i  -. ;,  i  ,,ut 
in  ever  widening  half  circles  from  Phi :  '  hi 
a  center.  There  was  nothing  in  th.'  <  I.,  ,,cter  uf 
the  region  to  stop  this  progress.  T'.<-  .oiii  'rv  Ml 
the  way  westward  to  the  Susquehauoi'  wa.  i.sy 
hill,  dale,  and  valley,  covered  by  a  u);  gmlic-nt 
growth  of  large  forest  trees  — oaks,  beechr  .,  n- 
lars,  walnuts,  hickories,  and  ash  —  which  rewarded 
the  labor  of  felling  by  exposing  to  cultivation  a 
most  fruitful  soil. 

The  settlers  followed  the  old  Indian  trails.  The 
first  westward  pioneers  seem  to  have  been  the 
Welsh  Quakers,  who  pushed  due  west  from  Phila- 
delphia and  marked  out  the  course  of  the  famous 
Lancaster  Road,  afterwards  the  Lancaster  Turn- 
pike. It  took  the  line  of  least  resistance  along 
the  old  trail,  following  ridges  until  it  reached 
the  Susquehanna  at  a  spot  where  an  Indian  trader. 


il, 


m 


i*V 


b 


M  THE   QUAKER  COLONIES 

named  Hams,  established  himself  and  founded  a 
post  which  subsequently  became  Harrisbuig,  the 
capital  of  the  State. 

For  a  hundred  years  the  Lancaster  Road  was 
the  great  highway  westward,  at  first  to  the  moun- 
tains, then  to  the  Ohio,  and  finally  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  and  the  Great  West.    Immigrants 
and  pioneers  from  all  the  New  England  and  Middle 
Stetes  flocked  out  that  way  to  the  land  of  promise 
in  wagons,  or  horseback,  or  trudging  along  on  foot. 
Substantial  taverns  grew  up  along  the  route;  and 
habitual  freighters  and  stage  drivers,  proud  of 
their  fine  teams  of  horses,  grew  into  characters  of 
the  road.    When  the  Pennsylvam'a  Raihoad  was 
built,  it  followed  the  same  line.    In  fact,  most  of 
the  lines  of  railroad  in  the  State  follow  Indian  trails. 
The  trails  for  trade  and  tribal  intercourse  led  east 
and  west.    The  warrior  trails  usually  led  north 
and  south,  for  that  had  long  been  the  line  of 
strategy  and  conquest  of  the  tribes.    The  north- 
em  tribes,  or  Six  Nations,  established  in  the  lake 
region  of  New  York  near  the  headwaters  of  the 
Delaware,  the  Susquehanna,  and  the  Ohio,  had  the 
advantage  of  these  river  valleys  for  descending  into 
the  whole  Atlantic  seaboard  and  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi.    They  had  in  consequence  conquered 


TYPES  OP  THE  POPULATION  SS 

•II  the  tribes  south  of  them  as  far  even  as  the  Caro- 
linas  and  Georgia.  All  their  trails  of  conquest  led 
across  Pennsylvania. 

The  Germans  in  their  expansion  at  first  seem 
to  have  followed  up  the  Schuylkill  Valley  and  iU 
tributaries,  and  they  hold  this  region  to  the  pres- 
ent day.  Gradually  they  crossed  the  watersbH 
to  the  Susquehanna  and  broke  into  the  region  of 
the  famou.s  lime^itone  soil  in  Lancaster  County,  a 
veritable  farmer's  paradise  from  which  nothing  will 
ever  drive  them.  Many  Quaker  farmers  pene- 
trated north  and  northeast  from  Philadelphia  into 
Bucks  County,  a  fine  rolling  and  hilly  wheat  and 
com  region,  where  their  descendants  are  still  found 
and  whence  not  a  few  well-known  Philadelphia 
families  have  come. 

The  Quaker  government  of  Pennsylvania  in 
ahnost  a  century  of  its  existence  largely  fulfilled 
its  ideals.  It  did  not  succeed  in  governing  with- 
out war;  but  the  war  was  not  its  fault.  It  did 
succeed  in  governing  without  oaths.  An  affirma- 
tion instead  of  an  oath  became  the  law  of  Penn- 
sylvania for  all  who  chose  an  affirmation;  and 
this  law  was  soon  adopted  by  most  American 
commtmities.  It  succeeded  in  establishing  reli- 
gious liberty  in  Pennsylvania  in  the  fullest  sense 


f^'     !| 


n 


«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

of  the  word.  It  brought  Christianity  nearer  to  its 
original  simplicity  and  made  it  less  superstitious 
and  cruel. 

The  Quakers  Lad  always  maintained  that  it 
was  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  their  ideas  would 
interfere  with  material  prosperity  and  happiness; 
and  they  certainly  proved  their  contention  in 
Pennsylvania.    To  Quaker  liberalism   was   due 
not  merely  the  material  prosperity,  but  prison 
reform  and  the  notable  public  charities  of  Penn- 
sylvania; in  both  of  which  activities,  as  in  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  the  Quakers  were  leaders. 
Original  research  in  science  also  flourished  in  a 
marked  degree  in  colonial  Pennsylvania.    No  one 
in  those  days  knew  the  nature  of  thunder  and 
lightning,  and  the  old  explanation  that  they  were 
the  voice  of  an  angry  God  was  for  many  a  suflScient 
explanation.    Franklin,  by  a  long  series  ol  ,  -  eri- 
ments  in  the  free  Quaker  colony,  finally  pro -.-J 
m  1752  that  lightning  was  electricity,  that  is  to 
say.  a  manifestation  of  th ;  same  force  that  is  pro- 
duced when  glass  is  rubbed  with  buckskin.    He 
invented  the  lightning  rod,  discovered  the  phe- 
nomenon of  positive  and  negative  electricity,  ex- 
plained the  action  of  the  Leyden  jar.  and  was  the 
first  American  writer  on  the  modem  science  of 


TYPES  OP  THE  POPULATION  m 

political  economy.  This  energetic  citizen  of  Penn- 
sylvania spent  a  large  part  of  his  life  in  research; 
he  studied  the  Gulf  Stream,  storms  and  their  causes, 
waterspouts,  whirlwinds;  and  he  established  the 
fact  that  the  northeast  storms  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
usually  move  against  the  wind. 

But  Franklin  was  no*  the  only  scientist  in  the 
colony.  Besides  his  three  friends,  Kinnersley, 
Hopkinson,  and  Syng,  who  worked  with  him  and 
helped  him  in  his  discoveries,  there  were  David 
Rittenhouse,  the  astronomer,  John  Bartram,  the 
botanist,  and  a  host  of  others.  Rittenhouse  ex- 
celled in  every  undertaking  which  required  the 
practical  application  of  astronomy.  He  attracted 
attention  even  in  Europe  for  hLs  orreiy  which 
indicated  the  movements  of  the  stars  and  which 
WM  an  advance  •■  all  pterious  instruments  of  the 
kind.  When  aataanomers  in  Eoiope  were  seek- 
ing to  have  the  trauit  «f  V<9M«  of  IW*  dbserved 
in  different  parts  of  the  worM,  PcMayl^Hiia 
alone  of  the  American  cokmies  aeems  to  have 
had  the  saon  and  the  apparatus  oeecMwy  for  the 
work.  Rittrahouse  conducted  the  obMrvations 
a*  three  points  and  won  a  world-wide  rejjutatioB 
l^  the  accuracy  and  skill  of  his  observations.  The 
whole  community  was  mtererted  k  this  scientiic 


11 


m 


1^ 


i 


I! 


I 


8S  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

undertakiiig;  the  Legislature  and  public  institutums 
raised  the  necessary  funds ;  and  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society,  the  only  organization  of  its  kind 
in  the  colonies,  had  charge  of  the  preparations. 

The  American  Philosophical  Society  had  been 
started  in  Philadelphia  in  1748.    It  was  the  first 
scientific  society  to  be  founded  in  America,  and 
throughout  the  colonial  period  it  was  the  only 
society  of  its  kmd  m  the  country.    Its  member- 
ship included  not  only  prominent  men  throughout 
America,  such  as  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  were  in- 
terested in  scientific  inquiry,  but  also  representa- 
tives of  foreign  nations.    With  its  library  of  rare 
and  valuable  collections  and  its  annual  publica- 
tion of  essays  on  aknost  every  branch  of  science, 
the  society  still  continues  its  useful  scientific  work. 
John  Bartram,  who  was  the  first  botanist  to 
•fcscribe  the  plants  of  the  New  World  and  who 
explored  the  whole  country  from  the  Great  Lakes 
to  Florida,  was  a  Pennsylvania  Quaker  of  colonial 
times,  fMmer  bom  and  bred.    Thomas  Godfrey, 
also  a  oJcHiial  Pennsylvanian,  was  rewarded  by 
the  Royal  Society  of  England  for  an  improvement 
which  he  made  in  the  quadrant.    Peter  CoUinson 
of  England,  a  famous  naturalist  and  antiquarian 
of  eaify  times,  was  a  Quaker.    In  modem  times 


TYPES  OP  THE  POPULATION  S» 

John  Dalton,  the  discoverer  of  the  atomic  theory 
of  coIoi-blindneiHi,  was  bom  of  Quaker  parents, 
and  Edward  Cope,  of  a  well-known  Philadelphia 
Quaker  family,  became  one  of  the  most  eminent 
naturalists  and  paleontologists  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  and  unaided  discovered  over  a  third  of  the 
three  thousand  extinct  species  of  vertebrates  recog- 
nized by  men  of  science.  In  the  field  of  education, 
Lindley  Murray,  the  grammarian  of  a  hundred 
years  ago,  was  a  Quaker.  Ezra  Cornell,  a  Quaker, 
founded  the  great  university  in  New  York  which 
bears  his  name;  and  Johns  Hopkins,  also  a  Quaker, 
founded  the  university  of  that  name  in  Baltimore. 
Pennsylvania  deserves  the  credit  of  turning 
these  early  scientific  pursuits  to  popular  uses. 
The  first  American  professorship  of  botany  and 
natural  history  was  established  in  Philaddphia 
College,  now  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
first  American  book  on  a  medical  subject  was 
written  in  Philadelphia  by  Thomas  Cadweiader 
in  1740;  the  first  American  hospital  was  established 
there  in  1751;  and  the  first  systematic  instruction 
in  medicine.  Since  then  Philadelphia  has  jho- 
duced  a  long  line  of  physicians  and  surgeons  of 
national  and  European  reputation.  For  half  a 
century  after  the  Revolution  the  city  was  the 


/I 

i 


If 


W  TflE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

center  of  medical  education  for  the  country  and  it 
still  retains  a  large  part  of  that  preeminence.    The 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  founded  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1818  by  two  inconspicuous  young  men, 
an  apothecary  and  a  dentist,  soon  became  by  the 
spontaneous  support  of  the  community  a  distin- 
guished institution.    It  sent  out  two  Arctic  expe- 
ditions, that  of  Kane  and  that  of  Hayes,  and  has 
included  among  its  members  the  most  prominent 
men  of  science  in  America.    It  is  now  the  oldest 
as  well  as  the  most  complete  institution  of  its  kind 
in  the  country.    The  Franklin  Institute,  founded 
in  Philadelphia  in  1824,  was  the  result  of  a  similar 
scientific  interest.    It  was  the  first  institution  of 
applied  science  and  the  mechanic  arU  in  America. 
Descriptions  of  the  first  8900  patents  issued  by 
the  United  States  Government  are  to  be  found 
only  on  the  pages  of  its  Journal,  which  is  still  an 
authoritative  annual  record. 

Apart  from  their  scientific  attainments,  one  of 
the  most  interesting  facts  about  the  Quakers  is  the 
laige  proportion  of  them  who  have  reached  emi- 
nence, often  in  occupations  which  are  supposed 
to  be  somewhat  inconsistent  with  Quaker  doctrine. 
General  Gre«ie,  the  most  capable  American  officer 
of  the  Revolution,  after  Washington,  was  a  Rhode 


TYPES  OT  THE  POPULATION  81 

Island  Quaker.  General  Mifflin  of  the  Revolu- 
tion was  a  Pennsylvania  Quaker.  General  Jacob 
Brown,  a  Bucks  County  PMnsylvania  Quaker, 
reorganized  the  army  in  the  War  of  1812  and  re- 
stored it  to  its  former  eflSciency.  In  the  long  list 
of  Quakers  eminent  in  all  walks  of  life,  not  only 
in  Pennsylvania  but  elsewhere,  are  to  be  found 
John  Bright,  a  kjver  of  peace  and  human  liberty 
through  a  long  and  eminent  career  in  British  poli- 
tics; John  Dickinson  of  Philadelphia,  who  wrote 
the  famous  Famur't  Letters  so  signally  useful  in 
the  American  Revolution;  Whittiet,  the  American 
poet,  a  Quaker  bom  in  Massachusetts  of  a  family 
converted  from  Puritanism  when  the  Quakers  in- 
vaded Boston  in  the  seventeenth  century ;  and  Ben- 
jamin West,  a  Pennsylvania  Quaker  of  colonial 
times,  an  artist  of  permanent  eminence,  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Academy  in  England  and  its 
president  in  succession  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds. 

Wherever  Quakers  are  found  they  are  the  useful 
and  steady  citizens.  Their  eminence  seems  out 
of  all  proportion  to  their  comparatively  smJl 
numbers.  It  has  often  been  asked  why  thb  height 
of  attainment  should  occur  among  a  people  of 
such  narrow  religious  discipline.  But  were  the 
Quakers  really  narrow,  or  were  they  any  more 


y 


I 'I 


«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

narrow  than  other  rigoroudy  self-diadplined  peo- 
ple —  Spartans.  Puritan*,  loldien  whoie  dudpline 
enables  them  to  achieve  great  results?  All  disd- 
pl!m;  is  in  one  sense  narrow.  Quaker  quietude  and 
retirement  probably  conserved  mental  eneigy  m- 
stead  of  dissipating  it.  L>  an  age  of  supersti- 
tion and  irrational  religion,  tijeir  minds  were  fi«e 
and  unhamper ;  ,  and  it  was  the  dominant  rational 
tone  of  their  t!,  ight  tiiat  enabled  science  to 
flourish  in  Pen>.o 


CHAPTER  V 


TBI)  TROCBLBB  OF  PBNN  AND  BIB  BOm 


The  material  prosperity  of  Penn'8  Holy  Experi- 
ment kept  on  proving  itself  over  and  over  again 
every  month  of  t!<  -  year.  But  meantime  great 
events  were  taking  place  in  England.  The  period 
of  fifteen  years  from  Penn's  return  to  England 
in  1684,  until  his  return  to  Pennsylvania  at  the 
dose  of  the  year  of  1699,  was  an  eventful  time  in 
English  history.  It  was  long  for  a  proprietor  to 
be  away  from  his  province,  and  Penn  would  have 
left  a  better  reputation  if  he  had  passed  those 
fifteen  years  in  his  colony,  for  in  England  during 
that  period  he  took  what  most  Americans  believe  to 
have  been  the  wrong  side  in  the  Revolution  of  1688. 
Penn  was  closely  tied  by  both  interest  and 
friendship  to  Charles  II  and  the  Stuart  family. 
When  Charles  II  died  in  1685  and  hb  brother,  the 
Duke  of  York,  ascended  the  throne  as  James  II, 
Penn  was  equally  bound  to  him,  because  among 


* 


'/ 


ri, 


■li 


•t  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

other  thing*  the  Duke  of  York  had  obtuned  Penn't 
releaw  in  1669  from  imprisonment  for  his  religious 
opinions.    He  becamp  still  more  bound  when  one 
of  the  first  acU  of  the  new  King's  reign  was  the 
•*!««»  of  a  great  number  of  people  who  had  been 
imprisoned  for  their  religion,  among  them  thirteen 
hundred  Quakers.    In  addition  to  preaching  to 
the  Quakers  and  protecting  them,  Penn  used  his 
influence  with  James  to  secure  the  return  of  seven! 
poliUcal  offenders  from  exile.    Hw  friendship  with 
James  raised  him.  indeed,  to  a  position  of  no  little 
importance  at  Court.    He  was  constantly  con- 
suited  by  the  King,  in  whose  political  policy  he 
gradually  became  more  and  more  involved. 

James  was  a  Roman  Catholic  and  soon  per- 
fected his  plans  for  making  both  Church  and  State 
a  papal  appendage  and  securing  for  the  Crown  the 
right  to  suspend  acts  of  Parliament.  Penn  at 
first  protested,  but  finally  supported  the  King  in 
the  belief  that  he  would  in  the  end  establish  liberty. 
In  his  earlier  years,  however,  Penn  had  written 
pamphlets  arguing  strenuously  against  the  same 
sort  of  despotic  schemes  that  James  was  now  un- 
dertaking; and  this  contradiction  of  his  former 
position  seriously  injured  his  reputation  even 
among  his  own  people. 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS  <S 
Fart  of  the  policy  of  Jmmes  wm  to  grant  many 
favors  to  the  Quaken  and  to  all  other  dinenting 
bodiea  in  England,  to  release  them  from  prison, 
to  give  them  perfect  freedom  of  worship,  and  to 
remove  the  test  biws  which  prevented  them  from 
holding  office.  He  thus  hoped  to  unite  them  with 
the  Roman  Catholics  in  extirpating  the  Church  of 
Engknd  and  establishing  the  Papacy  in  its  place. 
But  the  dissenters  and  nonconformists,  though 
promised  relief  from  sufferings  severer  than  it  is 
possible  perhaps  now  to  appreciate,  refused  almost 
to  a  man  this  tempting  bait.  Even  the  Quakers, 
who  had  suffered  probably  more  than  the  others, 
rejected  the  offer  with  indignation  and  mourned 
the  fatal  mistake  of  their  leader  Penn.  All  Prot- 
estant England  united  in  condemning  him,  ac- 
cused him  of  being  a  secret  Papist  and  a  Jesuit  in 
disguise,  and  believed  him  guilty  of  acts  and  in- 
tentions of  which  he  was  probably  entirely  inno- 
cent. This  extreme  feeling  against  Penn  is  re- 
flected in  Macaulay's  Hiatory  of  England,  which 
strongly  espouses  the  Whig  side;  and  in  those 
vivid  pages  Penn  is  represented,  and  very  unfairly, 
as  nothing  less  than  a  scoundrel. 

In  spite  of  the  attempts  which  James  made  to 
secure  his  position,  the  dissenters,  the  Church  of 


\k 


J*' 


M. 


MIOOCOPV  lESOUITION   IBT  CHAIT 

(ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CMAST  No.  2) 


A  APPLIED  IM/OE    In, 

^^L  16^J  Easl  Udin  Street 

r.aag  ('16)  48?  -  0300  -  Phone 

— Jl  (716)  2aa  -  59S9  -  Fa. 


m. 


86  THE  QUAKES  C»L0N1ES 

England,  and  Penn's  own  Quakers  all  jomed 
heart  and  soul  in  the  Revolution  of  1688,  which 
quickly  dethroned  the  King,  drove  him  from 
England,  and  placed  the  Prince  of  Orange  on  the 
throne  as  WillUm  ni.  Penn  was  now  for  many 
years  in  a  very  unfortunate,  if  not  dangerous, 
position,  and  was  conti  lally  suspected  of  plotting 
to  restore  James.  Foi  three  years  he  was  in 
hiding  to  escape  arrest  or  worse,  and  he  largely 
lost  the  good  will  and  aflFection  of  the  Quakers. 

Meantime  since  his  departure  from  Pennsyl- 
vania in  the  summer  of  1684  that  province  went 
on  increasing  in  population  and  in  pioneer  prosper- 
ity.   But  Penn's  quitrents  and  money  from  sales 
of  land  were  far  in  arrears,  and  he  had  been  and 
still  was  at  great  expense  in  starting  the  colony 
and  in  keeping  up  the  plantation  and  country  seat 
he  had  established  on  the  Delaware  River  above 
Philadelphia.    Troublesome  poHtical  disputes  also 
arose.    The  Council  of  eighteen  members  which 
he  had  authorized  to  act  as  governor  in  his  ab- 
sence neglected  to  send  the  new  laws  to  him,  slight- 
ed his  letters,  and  published  laws  in  their  own  name 
without  mentioning  him  or  the  King.    These  ir- 
regularities  were  much  exaggerated   by  enemies 
of  the  Quakers  in  England.    The  Council  was  not 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS     67 

a  popular  body  and  was  frequently  at  odds  with 
the  Assembly. 

Penn  thought  he  could  improve  the  government 
by  appointing  five  commissioners  to  act  as  gover- 
nor  instead  of  the  whole  Council.  Thomas  Lloyd, 
an  excellent  Quaker  who  had  been  President  of 
the  Council  and  who  had  done  much  to  allay  hard 
feeling,  was  fortunately  the  president  of  these 
commissioners.  Penn  instructed  them  to  act  as 
if  he  himself  were  present,  and  at  the  next  meeting 
of  the  Assembly  to  annul  all  the  laws  and  reenact 
only  such  as  seemed  proper.  This  course  reminds 
us  of  the  absolutism  of  his  friend.  King  James, 
and,  indeed,  the  date  of  these  instructions  (1686) 
is  that  when  his  intimacy  with  that  bigoted  mon- 
arch reached  its  highest  point.  Penn's  theory 
of  his  power  was  that  the  frame  or  constitution 
of  government  he  had  given  the  province  was  a 
contract;  that,  the  Council  and  Assembly  having 
violated  some  of  its  provisions,  it  was  annulled 
and  he  was  free,  at  least  for  a  time,  to  govern  as 
he  pleased.  Fortunately  his  commissioners  never 
attempted  to  carry  out  these  instructions.  There 
would  have  been  a  rebellion  and  some  very  un- 
pleasant history  if  they  had  undertaken  to  enforce 
such  oriental  despotism  in  Pennsylvania. 


^ 


% 


«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

The  five  commissioners  with  Thomas  Lloyd  at 
their  head  seem  to  have  governed  without  seriously 
troublesome  incidents  for  the  short  term  of  two 
years  during  which  they  were  in  power.    But  in 
1687  Thomas  Lloyd,  becoming  weary  of  directing 
them,  asked  to  be  relieved  and  is  supposed  to  have 
advised  Penn  to  appoint  a  single  executive  instead 
of  commissioners.     Penn   accordingly  appointed 
Captain  John  Blackwell,  formerly  an  officer  in 
Cromwell's  army.    Blackwell  was  not  f    Quaker 
but  a  "grave,  sober,  wise  man."  as  Peon  wrote  to 
a  fnend,  who  would  "bear  down  with  a  visible 
authority  vice  and  faction."    It  was  hoped  that 
he  would  vigorously  check  all  irregularities  and 
bnng  Penn  better  returns  from  quitrents  and 
sales  of  land. 

But  this  new  governor  clashed  almost  at  once 
with  the  Assembly,  tried  to  make  them  pass  a 
militia  law,  suggested  that  the  province's  trade 
to  foreign  countries  was  illegal,  persecuted  and 
arrested  members  of  the  Assembly,  refused  to 
submit  new  laws  to  it.  and  irritated  the  people  by 
suggesting  the  invalidity  of  their  favorite  laws. 
The  Quaker  Assembly  withstood  and  resisted  him 
unta  they  wore  him  out.  After  a  year  and  one 
month  in  office  he  resigned  at  Penn's  request  or 


I 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS     «9 
according  to  some  accounts,  at  his  own  request. 
At  any  rate,  he  expressed  himself  as  dehghted  to 
be  relieved.    As  a  Puritan  soldier  he  found  him- 
self no  match  for  a  peaceable  Quaker  Assembly. 
Penn  again  m.tde  the  Council  the  executive  with 
Thomas  Lloyd  as  iu  President.    But  to  the  old 
causes  of  unrest  a  new  one  was  now  added.    One 
George  Keith,  a  Quaker,  turned  heretic  and  car- 
ried a  number  of  Pennsylvania  Quakers  over  to 
the  Church  of  England,  thereby  causing  great 
scandal.    The  "Lower  Counties"  or  Territories, 
as  the  present  State  of  Delaware  was  then  called, 
became  mutinous,  withdrew  their  represenUtives 
from  the  Council,  and  made  William  Markham 
their  Governor.    This  action  together  with  the 
Keithian  controversy,  the  disturbances  over  Black- 
well,  and  the  clamors  of  Church  of  England  people 
that  Penn  was  absent  and  neglecting  his  province, 
that  the  Quakers  would  make  no  military  defense, 
and  that  the  province  might  at  any  time  fall  into 
the  hands  of  France,  came  to  the  ears  of  King 
William,  who  was  ah-eady   ill  disposed  toward 
Penn  and  distrusted  him  as  a  Jacobite.    It  seemed 
hardly  advisable  to  allow  a  Jacobite  to  rule  a  Brit- 
ish colony.    Accordingly  a  royal  order  suspended 
Penn's  governmental  authority  and  placed  the 


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70  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

province  under  Benjamin  Fletcher,  Governor  of 
New  York.  He  undertook  to  rule  in  dictatorial 
fashion,  threatening  to  annex  the  province  to 
New  York,  and  as  a  consequence  tue  Assembly 
had  plenty  of  trouble  with  him.  But  two  years 
later,  1694,  the  province  was  returned  to  Penn, 
who  now  appointed  as  Governor  William  Mark- 
ham,  who  had  served  as  lieutenant-governor  under 
Fletcher. 

Markham  proceeded  to  be  high-handed  with 
the  Assembly  and  tc  administer  the  government 
in  the  imperialistic  style  of  Fletcher.  But  the 
Assembly  soon  tamed  him  and  in  1696  actually 
worried  out  of  him  a  new  constitution,  which 
became  known  as  Markham's  Frame,  proved 
much  more  popular  than  the  one  Penn  had  given, 
and  allowed  the  Assembly  much  more  power. 
Markham  had  to  conceivable  right  to  assent  to 
it  and  Penn  never  agreed  to  it;  but  it  was  lived 
under  for  the  next  four  years  until  Penn  returned 
to  the  province.  While  it  naturally  had  opponents, 
it  was  largely  regarded  as  entirely  valid,  and  ap- 
parently with  the  understanding  that  it  was  to 
last  until  Penn  objected  to  it. 

Penn  had  always  been  longing  to  return  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  live  there  for  the  rest  of  his 


TROUBLES  OF  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS  71 
life;  but  the  terrible  times  of  the  Revolution  of 
1688  in  England  and  its  consequences  had  held 
him  back.  Those  diflSculties  had  now  passed. 
Moreover.  William  III  had  esUblished  free  gov- 
ernment and  religious  liberty.  No  more  Quakers 
were  imprisoned  and  Penn's  old  occupation  of 
securing  their  protection  and  release  was  gone. 

In  the  autumn  of  1699  he  sailed  for  Pennsyl- 
vania with  his  family  and,  arriving  after  a  tedious 
three  months'  voyage,  was  well  received.  His  po- 
litical scrapes  and  mistakes  in  England  seemed 
to  be  buried  in  the  past.  He  was  soon  at  his  old 
enjoyable  life  again,  traveling  actively  about  the 
country,  preaching  to  the  Quakers,  and  enlarging 
and  beautifying  his  country  seat,  Pennsbury.  on 
the  Delaware,  tw«nty  miles  above  Philadelphia. 
As  roads  and  trails  were  few  and  bad  he  usually 
traveled  to  and  from  the  town  in  a  barge  which 
was  rowed  by  six  oarsmen  and  which  seemed  to 
give  him  great  pride  and  pleasure. 

Two  happy  years  passed  away  in  this  manner, 
during  which  Penn  seems  to  have  settled,  not 
however  wi  tout  difficulty,  a  great  deal  of  busi- 
ness with  his  people,  the  Assembly,  and  the  Indian 
tribes.  Unfortunately  he  got  word  from  England 
of  a  bill  in  Parliament  for  the  revocation  of  colonial 


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7«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

charters  and  for  the  esUbluhment  of  royal  govern- 
ments in  their  placs.  He  mii,t  needs  return  to 
England  tn  fight  it.  Shortly  before  he  sailed  the 
Assembly  presented  him  with  a  draft  of  a  new 
constitution  or  frame  of  government  which  they 
had  been  discussing  with  him  and  preparing  for 
some  time.  This  he  accepted,  and  it  became 
the  constitution  under  which  Pennsylvania  lived 
and  prospered  for  seventy-five  years,  until  the 
Revolution  of  1776. 

This  new  constitution  wju.  quite  liberal.  The 
most  noticeable  feature  of  it  was  the  absence  of 
any  provision  for  the  large  elective  council  or 
upper  house  of  legislation,  which  had  been  very 
unpopular.  The  Assembly  thus  became  the  one 
legislative  body.  There  was  incidental  reference 
in  the  document  to  a  governor's  council,  although 
there  was  no  formal  clause  creating  it.  Penn  and 
his  heirs  after  his  death  always  appointed  a  small 
council  as  an  advbory  body  for  the  deputy  gover- 
nor. The  Assembly  was  to  be  chosen  annually 
by  the  freemen  and  to  be  composed  of  four  repre- 
sentatives from  each  county.  It  could  originate 
bills,  control  its  own  adjournments  without  in- 
terference from  the  Governor,  choose  its  speaker 
and  other  officers,  and  judge  of  the  qualifications 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS  73 
and  election  of  its  own  membew.  These  were 
standard  Anglo-Saxon  popular  parliamentary  righU 
developed  by  long  struggles  in  England  and  now 
established  in  Pennsylvania  never  to  be  relaxed. 
Finally  a  clause  in  the  constitution  p...aiitted  the 
I<)wer  CounUes,  or  Territories,  under  certain  con- 
ditions to  establish  home  rule.  In  1705  the  Terri- 
tories took  advantage  of  this  concession  and  set 
up  an  assembly  of  their  own. 

Immediately  after  signing  the  constitution,  in 
the  last  days  of  October,  1701,  Penn  sailed  for 
England,  expecting  soon  to  return.  But  he  be- 
came absorbed  in  affairs  in  England  and  never 
saw  his  colony  again.  This  was  unfortunate  be- 
cause Pennsylvania  soon  became  a  torment  to 
.  him  instead  of  a  great  pleasure  as  it  always  seems 
to  have  been  when  he  lived  in  it.  He  was  a 
happy  present  proprietor,  but  not  a  very  happy 
absentee  one. 

The  Church  of  England  people  in  Pennsylvania 
entertained  great  hopes  of  this  proposal  to  turn 
the  proprietary  colonies  into  royal  provinces. 
Under  such  a  change,  while  the  Quakers  might 
still  have  an  influence  in  the  Legislature,  the 
Crown  would  probably  give  the  executive  oflSces 
to  Churchmen.    They  therefore  labored  hard  to 


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74  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

dMcredit  the  Qiwken.  They  kept  harping  on  the 
abiurdity  of  •  let  of  fanatict  attempting  to  govern 
a  colony  without  a  militia  and  without  administer- 
ing oathi  of  office  or  using  oath«  in  judicial  proceed- 
ing*. How  could  any  one's  life  be  safe  from  foreign 
enemies  without  soldiers,  and  what  safeguard  was 
there  for  life,  liberty,  and  property  before  judges, 
jurors,  and  witnesses,  none  of  whom  had  been 
sworn?  The  Churchmen  kept  up  their  complaints 
for  along  time,  but  without  effect  in  England. 

Penn  was  able  to  thwart  all  their  plans.  The 
bill  to  change  the  province  into  a  royal  one  was 
never  passed  by  Parliament.  Penn  returned  to 
his  court  life,  his  preaching,  and  his  theological 
writing,  a  rather  curious  combination  and  yet  one 
by  which  he  had  always  succeeded  in  protecting 
his  people.  He  was  a  favorite  with  Queen  Anne, 
who  was  now  on  the  throne,  and  he  led  an  expen- 
sive life  which,  with  the  cos*  of  his  deputy  gover- 
nor's salary  in  the  colony,  the  slowness  of  his  quit- 
rent  collections,  and  the  dishones'y  of  the  steward 
of  his  English  estates,  rapidly  wrought  him  into 
debt.  To  pay  the  government  expense  of  a  small 
colonial  empu«  and  at  the  same  time  to  lead  the 
life  of  a  courtier  and  to  travel  as  a  preacher  would 
have  exhausted  a  stronger  exchequer  than  Penn's. 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS  74 
The  contests  between  the  different  deputy  gov 
ernors,  whom  Penn  or  his  descendants  sent  out, 
and  the  Quaker  Legislature  fill  the  annals  of  the 
province  for  the  next  seventy  years,  down  to  the 
Revolution.  \:  «  quarrels,  when  compared  with 
the  larger  natif._dl  political  contesU  of  histoiy, 
seem  petty  enough  and  even  tedious  in  detail. 
But,  looked  at  in  another  aspect,  they  are  impor- 
Unt  because  they  disclose  how  liberty,  self-govern- 
ment, republicanism,  and  many  of  the  constitu- 
tional principles  by  which  Americans  now  live 
were  gradually  developed  as  the  colonies  grew 
towards  independence. 

ITie  keynote  to  all  these  early  contests  was 
what  may  be  called  the  fundamental  prmciple  of 
colonial  constitutional  law  or,  at  any  rate,  of  con- 
stitutional practice,  namely,  that  the  Governor, 
whether  royal  or  proprietary,  must  always  be  kept 
poor.  His  salary  or  income  must  never  become 
a  fixed  or  certain  ,»um  but  must  always  be  depend- 
ent on  the  annual  favoi-  and  grants  of  a  legisla- 
ture controUed  by  the  people.  Tiib  belief  was 
the  foundation  of  American  colonial  liberty.  The 
Assemblies,  not  only  in  Pennsylvania  but  in  other 
colonies,  would  withhold  the  Governor's  salary 
until  he  consented  to  theii  favorite  laws.    If  he 


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7*  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

vetoed  their  ]awi,  he  received  no  Mlary.  One  of 
the  csiuei  of  the  Revolution  in  1776  wm  the  at- 
tempt of  the  mother  country  to  make  the  gover- 
non  and  other  colonial  official*  dependent  for  their 
■alaries  on  the  Government  in  England  initead  of 
on  the  legislatures  in  the  colom'es. 

So  the  squabbles,  as  we  of  today  are  inclined 
to  call  them,  went  on  in  Pennsylvania  —  provin- 
cial and  petty  enough,  but  often  very  large  and 
important  so  far  as  the  principle  which  they  in- 
volved was  concerned.    The  Legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  those  days  was  a  small  body  composed 
of  only  about  twenty-five  or  thirty  members,  most 
of  them  sturdy,  thrifty  Quakers.    They  could 
meet  very  easily  anywhere  — at  the  Governor's 
house,  if  in  conference  with  him,  or  at  the  treas- 
urer's office  or  at  the  loan  office,  if  investigating 
accounts.    Beneath  their  broad  brim  hats  and 
grave  demeanor  they  were  as  Anglo-Saxon  at  heart 
as  Robin  Hood  and  his  merry  men,  and  in  their 
ninety  years  of  political  control  they  built  up  ai 
goodly  a  fabric  of  civil  liberty  as  can  be  found  in 
any  community  in  the  world. 

The  dignified,  confident  message  from  a  deputy 
governor,  full  of  lofty  admonitions  of  their  duty 
to  the  Crown,  the  province,  and  the  proprietor. 


TROUBLES  or  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS     77 
<■  often  met  by  a  MrcMtk,  itingiiig  reply  of  the 
Ajsembly.    D»vid  Lloyd,  the  Welnh  lewler  of  the 
mnti-proprietary  party,  and  JoMph  Wilcox,  an- 
otAer  leader,  became  very  skillful  in  drafting  thete 
profoundly  respectful  but  deeply  cutting  replies. 
In  after  years,  Benjamin  Franklin  attained  even 
greater  skill.    In  fact,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  he 
developed  a  large  measure  cf  his  world  famous 
aptness  in  the  use  of  language  in  the  process  of 
drafting  these  replies.    The  composing  of  these 
official  communications  was  important  work,  for 
a  reply  had  to  be  telling  and  effective  not  only 
with  the  Governor  but  with  the  people  who  learned 
of  its  contents  at  the  coffeehouse  and  spread  the 
report  of  it  among  all  chisses.    There  was  not  a 
little  good-fellowship  in  their  contests:  and  Frank- 
lin, for  instance,  tells  us  how  he  used  to  abuse  a 
cerUin  deputy  governor  all  day  in  t>  -  Assembly 
and  then  dine  with  him  in  jovial  i&     course  in 
the  evening. 

The  Assembly  had  a  very  convenient  way  of 
accomplishing  its  purposes  in  legislation  in  spite 
of  the  opposition  of  the  British  Government. 
Laws  when  passed  and  approved  by  the  deputy 
governor  had  to  be  sent  to  England  for  approval 
by  the  Crown  within  five  years.    But  meanwhile 


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W  THE  QUAKER  COIX)NIES 

the  people  would  live  under  the  law  for  five  years 
and,  if  at  the  end  of  that  time  it  was  disallowed' 
the  Assembly  would  reCnact  the  measure  and  live 
under  it  again  for  another  period. 

The  ten  years  after  Penn's  return  to  England 
in  1701  were  full  of  trouble  for  him.    Money  re- 
turns from  the  province  were  slow,  partly  because 
England  was  involved  in  war  and  trade  depressed 
ond  partly  because  the  Assembly,  exasperated  by 
the  deputy  governors  he  appointed,  often  refused 
to  vote  the  deputy  a  salary  and  left  Penn  to  bear 
all  the  expense  of  government.    He  was  being 
rapidly  overwhelmed  with  debt.    One  of  his  sons 
was  turning  out  badly.    The  manager  of  his  es- 
tates m  England  and  Ireland.  Philip  Ford,  was  en- 
nchmg  himself  by  the  trust,  charging  compound 
mterest  at  eight  per  cent  every  six  months,  and 
tmally  claiming  that  Penn  owed  him  £14,000 
Ford  had  rendered  accounts  from  time  to  time, 
but  Penn  in  his  careless  way  had  tossed  them 
aside  without  examination.    When  Ford  pressed 
for  payment,  Penn,  still  without  making  any  in- 
vestigation, foolishly  gave  Ford  a  deed   in  fee 
ample  of  Pennsylvania  as  security.    Afterwards 
he  accepted  from  Ford  a  lease  of  the  province 


TROUBLES  OP  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS  79 
which  was  another  piece  of  folly,  for  the  lease 
could,  of  course,  be  used  as  evidence  to  show  that 
the  deed  was  an  absolute  conveyance  and  not 
intended  as  a  mortgage. 

This  unfortunate  business  Ford  kept  quiet  dur- 
ing his  lifetime.    But  on  his  death  his  widow  and 
son  made  everything  public,  professed  to  be  the 
proprietors  of  Pennsylvania,  and  sued  Penn  for 
£2000  rent  in  arrears.    They  obtained  a  judg- 
ment for  the  amount  claimed  and,  as  Penn  could 
not  pay,  they  had  him  arrested  and  imprisoned 
for  debt.    For  nine  months  he  was  locked  up  in 
the  debtors'  prison,  the  "Old  Bailey,"  and  there 
he  might  have  remained  indefinitely  if  some  of  his 
friends  had  not  raised  enough  money  to  compro- 
mise with  the  Fords.    Isaac  Norris,  a  p-Dminent 
Quaker  from  Pennsylvania,  happened  at  that  time 
to  be  in  England  and  exerted  himself  to  set  Penn 
free  and  save  the  province  from  further  disgrace. 
After  this  there  was  a  reaction  in  Penn's  favor. 
He  selected  a  better  deputy  governor  for  Pennsyl- 
vania.   He  wrote  a  long  and  touching  letter  to 
the  people,  reminding  them  how  they  had  flour- 
ished and  grown  rich  and  free  under  his  liberal 
laws,  while  he  had  been  sinking  in  poverty. 
After  that  conditions  improved  in  the  affairs 


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80  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

of  Penn.    The  colony  was  better  governed,  and 
the  anti-proprietary  party  almost  disappeared. 
The  last  six  or  eight  years  of  Penn's  life  were  free 
from  trouble.    He  had  ceased  his  active  work  at 
court,  for  everytijing  that  could  be  accomplished 
for  the  Quakers  in  the  way  of  protection  and 
favorable  laws  had  now  been  done.    Penn  spent 
his  last  years  in  trying  to  sell  tiie  government  of 
his  province  to  tiie  Crown  for  a  sum  that  would 
enable  him  to  pay  his  debts  and  to  restore  his 
family  to  prosperity.    But  he  was  too  particular 
in  stipulating  Uiat  tiie  great  principles  of  civil  and 
religious  liberty  on  which  the  colony  had  been 
established  should  not  be  infringed.    He  had  seen 
how  much  evil  had  resulted  to  the  rights  of  Uie 
people  when  the  proprietors  of  the  Jerseys  parted 
with  tiieir  right  to  govern.    In  consequence  he 
required  so   many  saf^uards  that  the  sale  of 
Pennsylvania  was  delayed  and  delayed  until  its 
founder  was  stiicken  witii  paralysis.    Penn  lin- 
gered for  some  years,  but  his  intellect  was  now 
too  much  clouded  to  make  a  vahd  sale.    The 
event,  however,  was  fortunate  for  Pennsylvania, 
which  would  probably  otiierwise  have  lost  many 
valuable  rights  and  privileges   by  becoming  a 
Crown  colony. 


TBOUBLES  OF  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS     81 
On  July  80. 1718.  Penn  died  at  the  ageof  seventy- 
four.    His  widow  became  proprietor  of  the  prov- 
ince, probably  the  only  woman  who  ever  became 
feudal  proprietor  of  such  an  immense  domain. 
She  appointed  excellent  deputy  governors  and 
ruled  with  success  for  eight  years  until  her  death 
m  1726.    In  her  time  the  ocean  was  free  from 
enemy  cruisers,  and  the  trade  of  the  colony  grew 
so  rapidly  that  the  mcreasing  sales  of  land  and 
quitraits  soon  enabled  her  to  pay  off  the  mort- 
gage on  the  province  and  all  the  rest  of  her  hus- 
band's debts.    It  was  sad  that  Penn  did  not  live 
to  see  that  day.  which  he  had  so  hoped  for  in  his 
last  years,  when,  with  ocean  commerce  free  from 
depredations,  the  increasing  money  returns  from 
his  province  would  obviate  all  necessity  of  selling 
the  government  to  the  Crown. 

With  all  debts  paid  and  prosperity  increasing, 
Penn's  sons  became  very  rich  men.  Death  had 
reduced  the  children  to  three  — John.  Thomas, 
and  Richard.  Of  these,  Thomas  became  what 
may  be  called  the  managing  proprietor,  and  the 
others  were  seldom  heard  of.  Thomas  lived  in 
the  colony  nine  years  —  1732  to  1741  —  studying 
its  affairs  and  sitting  as  a  member  of  the  Council. 
For  over  forty  years  h*  was  looked  upon  as  the 


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i 


M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

proprietor.    In  fact,  he  directed  the  great  province 
for  ahnost  as  long  a  time  as  his  father  had  managed 
it.    But  he  was  so  totally  unlike  his  father  that  it  is 
difficult  to  find  the  slightest  resemblance  in  fea- 
ture or  in  mind.    He  was  not  in  the  least  disposed 
to  proclaim©  argue  about  religion.    Like  the  rest 
of  his  family,  he  left  the  Quakers  and  joined  the 
Church  of  England,  a  natural  evolution  in  the  case 
of  many  Quakers.      He  was  a  prosperous,  accom- 
plished, sensible,  cool-headed  gentleman,  by  no 
means  without  ability,  but  without  any  inclination 
for  setting  the  world  on  fire.    He  was  a  careful, 
economical  man  of  business,  which  is  more  than 
can  be  said  of  his  distinguished  father.    He  saw  no 
visions  and  cared  nothing  for  grand  speculations. 
Thomas  Penn,  however,  had  his  troubles  and 
disputes  with  the  Assembly.    They  thought  him 
narrow  and  close.    Perhaps  he  was.    That  was 
the  opinion  of  him  held  by  Franklin,  who  led  the 
anti-proprietary  party.    But  at  the  same  time 
some  consideration  must  be  given  to  the  position 
in  which  Penn  found  himself.    He  had  on  his 
hands  an  empire,  rich,  fertile,  and  inhabited  by 
liberty-loving  Anglo-Saxons  and  by  passive  Ger- 
mans.   He  had  to  coUect  from  their  land  the  pur- 
chase money  and  quitrents  rapidly  rolling  up  in 


TBOUBLES  OF  PENN  AND  HIS  SONS     83 
value  with  the  increase  of  population  into  mil- 
lions  of  pounds  sterling,  for  which  he  was  respon- 
sible to  his  relatives.    At  the  same  time  he  had 
to  influence  the  politics  of  the  province,  approve 
or  reject  laws  in  such  a  way  that  his  family  interest 
would  be  protected  from  attack  or  attempted  con- 
fiscation, keep  the  British  Crown  satisfied,  and 
see  that  the  liberties  of  the  colonists  were  not 
impaired  and  that  the  people  were  kept  contented. 
It  was  not  an  easy  task  even  for  a  clear-headed 
man  like  Thomas  Penn.    He  had  to  arrange  for 
treaties  with  the  Indians  and  for  the  purchase  of 
their  lands  in  accordance  with  the  humane  ideas 
of  his  father  and  in  the  face  of  the  Scotch-Irish 
thirst  for  T  idjan  blood  and  the  French  desin.  to 
turn  the  savages  loose  upon  the  Anglo-Saxon  set- 
tlements.   He  had  to  fight  through  the  bound- 
ary  disputes  with  Connecticut,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia,  which  threatened  to  reduce  his  empire 
to  a  mere  strip  of  land  containing  neither  Phila- 
delphia nor  Pittsburgh.    The  controversy  with 
Connecticut  lasted  throughout  the  colonial  period 
and  was  not  definitely  settled  till  the  close  of  the 
Revolution.    The  charter  of  Connecticut  granted 
by  the  British  Crown  extended  the  colony  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  cut  off  the  northern 


1 

'•'■fi 


k'M  ■ 


M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

half  of  the  tract  afterwordi  granted  to  William 
Penn.  In  pursuance  of  what  they  believed  to  be 
their  rights,  the  Connecticut  people  settled  in  the 
beautiful  valley  of  Wyoming.  They  were  there- 
upon ejected  by  force  by  the  proprietors  of  Penn- 
sylvania; but  they  returned,  only  to  be  ejected 
again  and  again  in  a  petty  warfare  carried  on  ft 
many  years.  In  the  summer  of  1778,  the  people 
of  the  valley  were  massacred  by  the  Iroquois  In- 
dians. The  history  of  this  Connecticut  boundary 
dispute  fills  volumes.  So  does  the  boundary  dis- 
pute with  Maryland,  which  also  lasted  through- 
out the  colonial  period;  the  dispute  with  Virginia 
over  the  site  of  Pittsburgh  is  not  so  voluminous. 
A''  these  controversies  Thomas  Penn  conducted 
wivj  eminent  skill,  inexhaustible  patience,  and 
complete  success.  For  this  achievement  the  State 
owes  him  a  debt  of  gratitude. 

Thomas  Penn  was  in  the  extraordinary  position 
of  having  to  govern  as  a  feudal  lord  what  was 
virtiially  a  modem  community.  He  was  exercis- 
ing feudal  powers  three  hundred  years  after  all 
t^e  reasons  for  the  feudal  system  had  ceased  to 
exist;  and  he  was  exercising  those  powers  and 
acquiring  by  them  vast  wealth  from  a  people  in  a 
new  and  wild  country  whose  convictions,  both 


I'' 


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bleof 


TROUBLES  OK  PEW  AND  HIS  SONS     as 

tid-g  like  th,  feucW  .y.t«„.    ItmurtcertZy 
beput  down  m  lomething  to  hi.  credit  that  he 
«ce^«l  «  well  „  to  retain  oont«>l  both  of 
tte  poIiUcal  government  ar    hi.  family',  incr^aa- 
bV  w«Uth  down  to  the  tinie  of  the  RevoIuUon 
•nd  IJat  he  gave  on  the  whole  «,  little  offen«, 
to  a  h«h-.trung  people  that  in  the  Revolution 
they  allowed  hi.  family  to  retain  a  large  part 
of  their  land  and  paid  them  liberally  for  what 
was  confiMated. 

The  wealth  which  came  to  the  three  brother, 
ttq^  V«at  after  the  manner  of  the  time  in  country 

*«1  remarkable  country  ««ts.    But  Thoma.  pur- 
d"«d  «.  1760  the  fine  English  estate  of  Stoke 
I'ark.  which  had  belonged  to  Sir  Christopher  Hat- 
ton  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  time,  to  Lord  Coke, 
and  Uter  to  the  Cobham  family.    Thomas's  son 
John   ipandson  of  the  founder,  greatly  enlB^jed 
*nd  beautified  the  pUee  and  far  down  into^ 
nineteenth  century  it  was  one  of  the  notable 
country  seats  of  England.    His  John  Penn  also 
budt  another  countiy  ph«e  called  Pemisylvania 
Castle  equally  picturesque  and  interesting,  on  the 
We  of  Portland,  of  which  he  was  Govei^or. 


I 


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'>r»l 


CEAPTER  VI 


TBS  nUBNCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 

Thbbb  wm  no  great  change  in  political  conditiona 
In  Pennsylvania  until  about  the  year  1755.  He 
French  in  Canada  had  been  gradually  developing 
their  plans  of  spreading  down  the  Ohio  and  Missis- 
sippi valleys  behind  the  English  colonies.  TSey 
were  at  the  same  time  securing  alliances  with  the 
Indians  and  inciting  them  to  hostilities  against 
the  English.  But  so  rapidly  were  the  settlers  ad- 
vancing that  often  the  land  could  not  be  purchased 
fast  enough  to  prevent  irritation  and  ill  feeling. 
The  Scotch-Irish  and  Germans,  it  has  already  been 
noted,  settled  on  lands  without  the  formality  of 
purchase  from  the  Indians.  The  Government, 
when  the  Indians  complained,  sometimes  ejected 
the  settlers  but  more  often  hastened  to  purchase 
from  the  Indians  the  land  which  had  bo  n  occu- 
pied. The  Importance  of  the  British  PlanMiont  in 
America,  published  in  1731,  describes  the  Indians 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAB  87 
«  pmceful  Md  contented  in  Penn.ylv.al.  but  ir- 
riUted  ud  ui«tUed  in  tho.*  other  colonie.  where 
th^  h«l  n«..JIy  been  illtre.ted  .nd  defended. 

.??'.^  » *^"  •^•'"«*' «°"  •»  '^^  t»»t  up  to 
th.t  time  Pepn'.  policy  of  f.lme«  ud  good  t^t- 
ment  .till  pwv«l«j.    But  those  condition.  «»n 

TT^:  "  *^'  '■"''"*  '^•'^  P««A«  of  1737 
dewly  indicated. 

He  Walking  Purduwe  h^l  provided  for  the  ule 
of  wme  knd.  dong  the  DeUw.re  below  the  Lehigh 
on  a  Une  «t.arting  at  WrjghUtown.  a  few^ 
back  from  the  Delaware  not  far  above  TVenton 
and  running  northw«t.  parallel  with  the  river 
M  far  a.  a  man  could  walk  in  a  day  and  a  half! 
Tb,  Indian,  understood  that   thi.  tract  would 
otend  northward  only  to  the  Lehigl..  which  wa. 
the  ordmary  joimiey  of  a  day  and  a  falf.  The 
proprietor.,  however,  surver^  tlie  line  before- 
hand,  marked  the  trees,  engaged  the  fa.te.t  walk- 
er, and.  with  horse,  to  cany  provision.,  started 
their  men  at  sunn*!.    By  running  a  large  part  of 
the  way  at  the  end  of  a  day  and  a  half  these  men 
'««J!«achedapoint  thirty  miles  beyond  the  Lehigh 
lie  Delaware  Indians  regarded  this  measure- 
ment  as  a  pure  fraud  and  refused  to  abandon 
the  Minismk  region  north  of  the  Lebigb      The 


1 
t 


Li 


* 


m 


[*,•! 


88  THE  QUAKEfi  COLONIES 

proprietors  then  called  in  the  assistance  of  the  Six 
Nations  of  New  York,  who  ordered  the  Delawares 
off  the  Minisink  lands.  Though  they  obeyed,  the 
Delawares  became  the  relentless  enemies  of  the 
white  man  and  in  the  coming  years  revenged  them- 
selves by  massacres  and  murder.  They  also  broke 
the  control  which  the  Six  Nations  had  over  them, 
became  an  independent  nation,  and  in  the  French 
Wars  revenged  themselves  on  the  Six  Nations  as 
well  as  on  the  white  men. 

The  congress  which  convened  at  Albany  in  1754 
was  an  attempt  on  the  part  of  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  settle  all  Indian  affairs  in  a  general  agree- 
ment and  to  prevent  separate  treaties  by  the  differ- 
ent colonies ;  but  the  Pennsylvania  del^ates,  by  va- 
rious devices  of  compass  courses  which  the  Indians 
did  not  understand  and  by  failing  to  notify  and  se- 
cure the  consent  of  certain  tribes,  obtained  a  grant 
of  pretty  much  the  whole  of  Pennsylvania  west 
of  the  Susquehaima.  The  Indians  considered  this 
procedure  to  be  another  gross  fraud.  It  is  to 
be  noticed  that  in  their  dealings  with  Penn  they 
had  always  been  satisfied,  and  that  he  had  always 
been  careful  that  they  should  be  duly  consulted 
and  if  necessary  be  paid  twice  over  for  the  land. 
But  his  sons  were  more  economical,  and  as  a 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR  88 
rwult  of  the  shrewd  practices  of  the  Albany  pur- 
chase the  Pennsylvania  Indians  ahnost  immedi- 
ately went  over  in  a  body  to  the  French  and  were 
«oon  scalping  men,  women,  and  children  among 
the  Pennsylvania  colonists. 

It  is  a  striking  fact,  however,  that  in  all  the 
after  years  of  war  and  rapine  and  for  generations 
afterwards  the  Indians  retained  the  most  distinct 
and  positive  tradition  of  Penn's  good  faith  and 
of  the  honesty  of  aU  Quakers.  So  persistent,  in- 
deed, was  this  tradition  among  the  tribes  of  the 
West  that  more  than  a  century  later  President 
Grant  proposed  to  put  the  whole  charge  of  the 
nation's  Indian  affairs  in  the  hands  of  the  Qu::kors. 
The  first  efforts  to  avert  the  catastrophe  threat- 
ened by  the  affiance  of  the  red  man  with  the  French 
were  made  by  the  provmcial  assembUes,  which 
voted  presents  of  money  or  goods  to  the  Indians 
to  offset  similar  presents  from  the  French.    The 
result  was,  of  course,  the  utter  demoralization  of 
the  savages.    Bribed  by  both  sides,  the  Indians 
used  all  then-  native  cunning  to  encourage  the 
bribers  to  bid  against  each  other.    So  far  as  Penn- 
sylvania was  concerned,  feeling  themselves  cheated 
in  the  first  instance  and  now  bribed  with  gifts, 
they  developed  a  contempt  for  the  people  whd 


111 


5^  J 


ril 


90  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

could  stoop  to  such  practices.  As  a  result  this 
contempt  manifested  itself  in  deeds  hitherto  un- 
known in  the  province.  One  tribe  on  a  visit  to 
Philadelphia  killed  cattle  and  robbed  orchards 
as  they  passed.  The  delegates  of  another  tribe, 
havbg  visited  Philar'  -)hia  and  received  £500  as 
a  present,  returned  .-  the  frontier  and  on  their 
way  back  for  another  present  destroyed  the  prop- 
erty of  the  interpreter  and  Indian  agent,  Conrad 
Weiser.  iTiey  felt  that  they  could  do  as  they 
pleased.  To  make  matters  worse,  the  Assembly 
paid  for  all  the  damage  done;  and  having  started 
on  this  foolish  business,  they  found  that  the  list 
ot  tribes  demanding  presents  rapidly  increased. 
The  Shawanoes  and  the  Six  Nations,  as  well  as 
the  Delawares,  rexe  now  swarming  to  this  new 
and  convenient  source  of  wealth. 

Whether  the  proprietors  or  the  Assembly  should 
meet  this  increasing  expense  or  divide  it  between 
them,  became  a  subject  of  increasing  controversy. 
It  was  in  these  discussions  that  Thomas  Penn,  in 
trying  to  keep  his  family's  share  of  the  expense  as 
small  as  possible,  first  got  the  reputation  for  close- 
ness which  followed  him  for  the  rest  of  his  life  and 
which  started  a  party  in  the  province  desirous  of 
having  Parliament  abolish  the  proprietorship  and 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAH        9i 
Zc^r^  under  a  «oven.or  appointed  by 

The  war  with  the  French  of  Canada  and  their 
Indian  a  hes  .s  of  interest  here  only  in  so  far  as  it 
affected  the  government  of  Pennsylvania.    From 
th|s  pomt  of  view  it  involved  a  series  of  contests 
between  the  proprietors  and  the  Crown  on  the 
one  side  and  the  A  sembly  on  the  other.   The  nro- 
pr^tors  and  the  Crown  took  advantage  of  every 
military  necessity  to  force  the  Assembly  into  a 
smrender  of  popular  rights.    But  the  Assembly  re- 
s«ted,  maintaining  that  they  had  the  same  right 
as  the  British  Commons  of  having  their  money 
bills  received  or  rejected  by  the  Governor  without 
amendment.    Whatever  they  should  give  must  be 
g-ven  on   their  own   terms  or  not  at  all;   and 
they  would  not  yield  this  point  to  any  necessities 
of  the  war. 

When  Governor  Morris  asked  the  Assembly  for 

i20,000.  This  was  the  same  amount  that  Vir- 
gmia.  the  most  active  of  the  colonies  in  the  war 
wa«  gmng.  Other  colonies  gave  much  less;  New 
York,  only  £5000.  and  Maryland  £6000.  Mor 
r«.  however,  would  not  absent  to  the  Assembly's 
bill  unless  it  contained  a  clause  suspending  iu 


i 


^.1 


M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

effect  until  the  King's  pleasure  was  known. 


This 


was  an  attempt  to  esUblish  a  precedent  for  giving 
up  the  Assembly's  charter  right  of  passing  Uws 
which  need  not  be  submitted  to  the  King  for  five 
years  and  which  in  the  meantime  were  valid.  The 
members  of  the  Assembly  very  naturally  refused 
to  be  forced  by  the  necessities  of  the  war  into 
surrendering  one  of  the  most  important  privileges 
the  province  possessed.  It  was,  they  said,  as  much 
their  duty  to  resist  this  invasion  of  their  righU 
as  to  resist  the  French. 

Governor  Morris,  besides  demanding  th«;  ihe 
supply  of  £20,000  should  not  go  into  force  until 
the  King's  pleasui-e  was  known,  insisted  that  the 
paper  money  representing  it  should  be  redeem- 
able in  five  years.  This  period  the  Assembly  con- 
sidered too  short;  the  usual  time  was  ten  years. 
Five  years  would  ruin  too  many  people  by  for*, 
closures.  Moreover,  the  Governor  was  attempt- 
ing to  dictate  the  way  in  which  the  people  should 
raise  a  money  supply.  He  and  the  King  had  a 
right  to  ask  for  aid  in  war;  but  it  was  the  right  of 
the  colony  to  use  its  own  methods  of  furnishing 
this  assistance.  The  Governor  also  refused  to  let 
the  Assembly  see  the  instructions  from  the  pro- 
prietors under  which  he  was  acting.    This  was 


TOB  FRENCH  AND  IXDUN  WAR  „ 
•"Other  attack  upon  their  hberties  «n^  •  ,  . 
nothing  Ie«  than  an  attemntTT  ""'"'^'^ 

ter  riAt,  hv         T-  '^*  *°  "^''^  *^^":  char- 

nTr  5:  K  .^        '*  «n«tructions  toadeputygov^ 

^-t  for  the  purpose  of  making  royal  instrut 
tjons  to  governors  binding  on  all  tL  i  •  . 
-mblies  without  regard  tf  Zirl^^'^ 
^novation    the  colonists  fel,  wotlT'eck  ^ 

war  »n,l  m«  .  ^  '"  supporting  the 

war  and  meanness  in  withholding  money     But  i„ 
-ny  msunces  the  delay  and  lai  of  money  :l^ 

STsri  c^  r'"^  -'•--  ^  ^ojz: 

C™»!.  *°  «""'  "•''^  P"vile«es  for  the 

Crown  or  a  proprietor  or  to  weatpn  J^. 
emment  by  criDDlin^  th  ,      '^''"'"  «°^- 

The  usual  ,rf^  f  ^^"'^  °^  ''■^  feKisIatures. 
«lbrlT'"'"*  *'"*  ^''^  Pennsylvania  As- 
sembly was  slow  m  assisting  the  war  because  it 
- -^ed  of  Quakers  is  not  supporterbTh 

Sthe^;/T/r'''  ^^^""'^ "-  -'"- 

Merest.    On  this  particular  occasion   when 
their  large  money  supply  bill  could  not  bT^ 

Without  sacrificing  their  constitutional  rights  Tht 


:<•• 


I. ,  ■ 


;t^i 


M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

raised  money  for  the  war  by  appointing  a  com- 
mittee which  was  authorized  to  borrow  £0000  on 
the  credit  of  the  Assembly. 

Other  contests  arose  over  the  claim  of  the  pro- 
prietors that  their  estates  in  the  province  were 
exempt  from  tasation  for  the  war  or  any  pur- 
pose. One  bill  taxing  the  proprietary  estates  along 
with  others  was  met  by  Thomas  Penn  offering  to 
subscribe  £5000,  as  a  free  gift  to  the  colony's 
war  measures.  The  Assembly  accepted  this,  and 
passed  the  bill  without  taxing  the  proprietary 
estates.  It  turned  out,  however,  to  be  a  shrewd 
business  move  op  the  part  of  Thomas  Penn;  for 
the  £5000  was  to  be  collected  out  of  the  quit- 
rents  that  were  in  arrears,  and  the  payment  of 
it  was  in  consequence  long  delayed.  The  thrifty 
Thomas  had  thus  saddled  his  bad  debts  on  the 
province  and  gained  a  reputation  for  generosity 
at  the  same  time. 

Pennsylvania,  though  governed  by  Quakers  as- 
sisted by  noncombatant  Germans,  had  a  better 
protected  frontier  than  Maryland  or  Virginia;  no 
colony,  indeed,  was  at  that  time  better  protected. 
The  Quaker  Assembly  did  more  than  take  care  of 
the  frontier  during  the  war;  it  preserved  at  the 
same  time  constitutional  rights  in  defense  of  which 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR        as 

twenty-five  years  afterwards  the  whole  continent 
fought  the  Revolution.  The  Quaker  Assembly 
even  passed  two  militia  bills,  one  of  which  became 
law,  and  sent  rather  moie  than  the  province's  full 
share  of  troops  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  New 
York  and  New  England  and  to  carry  the  invasion 
into  Canada. 

General  Braddock  warmly  praised  the  assist- 
ance which  Pennsylvania  gave  him  because,  he 
said,  she  had  done  more  for  him  than  any  of  the 
other  colonies.    Virginia  and  Maryland  promised 
everything  and  penormed  nothing,  while  Penn- 
sylvania promised  nothing  and  performed  every- 
thing.   Commodore  Spy  thanked  the  Assembly 
for  the  large  number  of  sailors  sent  his  fleet  at 
the  expense  of  the  province.    General  Shirley,  in 
charge  of  the  New  England  and  New  York  cam- 
paigns, thanked  the  Assembly  for  the  numerous 
recruits:  and  it  was  the  common  opinion  at  the 
time  that  Pennsylvania  had  sent  more  troops  to 
the  war  than  any  other  colony.    In  the  first  four 
years  of  the  war  the  province  spent  for  military 
purposes  £210,567  sterling,  which  was  a  very  con- 
siderable sum  at  that  time  for  a  community  of 
less  than  200.000  people.    Quakers,  though  they 
hate  war,  will  accept  it  when  there  is  no  escape. 


PJ 


i 


f^ 


i 


M  THE  QUAIOBR  COLONIES 

The  old  story  of  the  Quaker  who  toned  a  pirate 
overboard,  saying,  "Friend,  thee  has  no  busincw 
here,"  gives  their  point  of  view  better  than  pages 
of  explanation.    Quaker  opinion  has  not  always 
been  entirely  uniform.   In  Revolutionary  times  in 
Philadelphia  there  was  a  division  of  the  Quakers 
known  as  the  Fighting  Quakers,  and  their  meeting 
house  is  still  pointed  out  at  the  comer  of  Fourth 
Street  and  Arch.    They  even  produced  able  mili- 
tary leaders:  Colonel  John   Dickinson,   General 
Greene,  and  General  MiflSin  in  the  Continental 
Army,  and,  in  the  War  of  1812,  General  Jacob 
Brown,  who  reorganized  the  army  and  restored  ite 
failing  fortunes  a^ter  many  officers  had  been  tried 
and  found  wanting. 

There  was  always  among  the  Quakers  a  ration- 
alistic party  and  a  party  of  mysticism.  The 
rationalistic  party  prevailed  in  Pennsylvania  all 
through  the  colonial  period.  In  the  midst  af  ^he 
worst  horrors  of  the  French  and  Indian  warS; 
however,  the  conscientious  objectors  roused  them- 
selves and  b^ian  preaching  and  exhorting  what 
has  been  called  the  mystical  side  of  the  faith. 
Many  extreme  Quaker  members  of  the  Assembly 
resigned  their  seats  in  consequence.  After  the 
Revolution   the   spiritual   party   began   gaining 


THE  PRENCB  AND  INDIAN  WAR        „ 
J~^d  partly  perhap.  ^^  ^^  ^ 

w-e  removed.  The  .pirftual  party  incre^*^ 
«P.%  m  power  that  in  1887  a  spl.t^^ 
w^c*  involved  not  a  «ttle  bitte^e^.  ill^I^ 

Zt  i*"""  **""  ""•'^'^y-  '"'»  division  Z 
the  Orthodox,  continue,  and  is  likely  to  «m«„. 

Qu^er  goven,n.ent  in  Pennsylvania  was  put  to 
rtU  «^eper  tests  by  the  difficulties  and  di«ste« 
that  foUowed  Braddock's  defeat.    That  unt^ 
-^  g«jeral  had  something  over  two  tho^ 
m«,  and  was  hampered  with  a  train  of  artilleiy 
^d  a  sfJendid  equipment  of  arms,  tools,  and  su^ 
ph«.  as  .f  he  were  to  march  over  the  smooth  high^ 
ways  of  Europe.    When  he  came  to  drag  ail  thLe 
^^^ons  through  the  depths  of  the  PelTy  vll 
f^ts  and  up  and  down  the  mountains,  he  fo  J 
^    he  made  only  about  three  miles  a  day  and 
ftat  his  horses  had  nothing  to  eat  but  the  leav^ 
of  tie  trees.    Washington,  who  was  of  the  party, 
finally  pervaded  him  to  abandon  his  arSeJ 
and  rress  forward  with  abou.  fifteen  hundiS 
P.ekedme.     These  troops,  wh^.  a  few  mlS 
from  Fort  Duquesne  (now  Pittsbm^h).  met  about 


^ 


08  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

six  hundred  Indians  and  three  hundred  Ftmih 
coming  from  the  fort.  The  English  nwintained  a 
close  formation  where  they  were,  but  the  French 
and  Indians  immediately  spread  out  on  their  flanks, 
lying  behind  tree«  and  logs  which  provided  rests 
for  their  rifles  and  security  for  their  bodies.  This 
strategy  decided  the  day.  The  English  were  shot 
down  like  cattk  in  a  pen,  and  out  of  about  fifteen 
hundred  only  four  hundred  and  fifty  escaped.  The 
French  and  Indian  loss  was  not  much  over  fifty. 

This  defeat  of  Braudock's  force  has  become  one 
of  the  most  famous  reverses  in  history;  and  it 
was  made  worse  by  the  conduct  of  Dunbar  who 
had  been  left  in  command  of  the  artillery,  baggage, 
and  men  in  the  rear.  He  could  have  remained 
where  he  was  as  some  sort  of  protection  to  the 
frontier.  But  he  took  'ight,  burned  his  wagons, 
emptied  his  barrels  of  powder  into  the  streams, 
destroyed  his  provisions,  and  fled  back  to  Fort 
Cumberland  in  Maryland.  Here  the  governors 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  as  well  as  the  Penn- 
sylvania Assembly  urged  him  to  stay.  But  deter- 
mined to  make  the  British  rout  complete,  he  soon 
retreated  to  the  peace  and  quiet  of  Philadelphia, 
and  nothing  would  induce  him  to  enter  again  the 
terrible  forests  of  Pennsylvania. 


™E  nilNCa  AM)  INDIAi  „j«        „ 

wa..  Mingoes,  renegades  fw„  JslZ'^ 
^ther  With  the  „W  t«.t,  Zl  o^P^X 

-«>h«. it«  height  in  SeptembJand^r     ?* 

«eek  refuge  in  the  ^ettllT  ZVT'^  '" 
foiiowed  then,  to  the  .ettiSent,.^^!^" 
quehanna.  and  crossed  it     Th.  ""^ 


if 


.r 


100  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Nothing  could  be  done  to  atem  the  Mvage  tide. 
Viiginis  wm  luffering  in  the  lame  way:  the  set- 
tlers on  her  bord-^r  were  slaughtered  or  were  driven 
back  in  herds  upon  the  more  settled  districts,  and 
Washington,  with  a  nominal  strength  of  fifteen 
hundred  who  would  not  obey  orders,  was  forced 
to  stand  a  helpless  spectalir  of  the  genera]  fii^t 
and  misery.  There  was  no  adequate  force  or  army 
anywhere  within  reach.  The  British  had  been  put 
to  flight  and  had  gone  to  the  defense  of  New 
England  and  New  York.  Neither  Pennsylvania 
nor  Virginia  had  a  militia  that  could  withstand 
the  French  and  their  red  allies.  They  could  only 
wait  till  the  panic  had  subsided  and  then  see  what 
could  be  done. 

One  thing  was  accomplished,  however,  when  the 
Pennsylvania  Assembly  pn's" .'  a  QnoVer  militia 
law  which  is  one  of  the  most  curious  legal  docu- 
ments of  its  kind  in  history.  It  was  most  aptly 
worded,  drafted  by  the  master  hand  of  Franklin. 
It  recited  the  fact  that  the  province  had  always 
been  ruled  by  Quakers  who  were  opposed  to  war, 
but  that  now  it  had  become  neces.dTy  to  allow 
men  to  become  soldiers  and  to  give  them  every 
facility  for  the  profession  of  arms,  because  the 
Assembly  though  containing  a  Quaker  majority 


rasraiSNCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR      ,„, 

M  uie  vpuicer  majority  have  »iiv  ri.i.» 
to  compel  other,  to  bear  aim.  and  .t  Te  «te 

1,^  ^»Wy  P-ed  a  rather  .S 
compubory  mffitia  bUI;  but  the  governor^M 
•t.  «.d  the  first  law  with  it,  volufteer  .y  te^^ 
»«nedi„ro«e.  Wiin  b«ied  him^rtTet 
««rful.     Though  a  philoMpher  and  a  man  of 

hu^  ''''  ""^  '"^  "  '-"^  °^  -bout  five 

hundred  men  to  protect  the  Lehigh  Valley  m 
common  ^  ^^,  to  have  sup^ied  h^fc  ^ 
-Jitary  traming.    He  did  no  worse  than"  me 


^1 

i 


1. 

*^\  .1 


108  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

professional  soldiers  who  might  be  named. 


The 


vaUey  was  supposed  to  be  in  great  danger  since 
its  village  of  GnadenhUtten  had  been  burned  and 
its  people  massacred.  The  Moravians,  like  the 
Quakers,  had  suddenly  found  that  they  were  not 
as  much  opposed  to  war  as  they  had  supposed. 
They  had  obtained  arms  and  ammunition  from 
New  York  and  had  built  stockades,  and  Franklin 
was  glad  to  find  them  so  well  prepared  when  he 
arrived.  He  built  small  forts  in  different  parts 
of  the  valley,  acted  entirely  on  the  defensive,  and 
no  doubt  checked  the  raids  of  the  Indians  at  that 
point.  They  seem  to  have  been  watching  him 
from  the  hilltops  all  the  time,  and  any  rashness  on 
his  part  would  probably  have  brought  disaster  upon 
him.  After  his  force  had  been  withdrawn,  the  In- 
dians again  attacked  and  burned  GnadenhUtten. 

The  chain  of  forts,  at  first  seventeen,  afterwards 
increased  to  fifty,  built  by  the  Assembly  on  the 
Pennsylvania  frontier  was  a  good  plan  so  far  as 
it  went,  but  it  was  merely  defensive  and  by  no 
means  completely  defensive,  since  Indian  raiding 
parties  could  pass  between  the  forts.  They  served 
chiefly  as  refuges  for  neighboring  settlers.  The 
colonial  troops  or  militia,  after  manning  the  fifty 
forts  and  sending  their  quota  to  the  operations 


IHE  FRENCH  AND  INDUN  WAR       ,03 
^afast  Canada  by  way  of  New  England  and  New 

^Jr  '''"'''  -'y  -t  on  the  defensive 
«  P«r,cm,s  cc,an.,ad  had  done.  As  for  the 
«n«ers.  .  the  .«al  oands  of  fronUer,«e„lt 

lure  were  called,  they  were  very  efficient  as  indi- 
^duals  but  they  accomplished  very  -.ttle  beca„t 
th^  acted  at  widely  isolated  spots.     What  Z 

^thelnd^nson  their  owng„.„ndsofar  westward 
that  the  settlers  on  the  f«,ntier  would  be  safe.  The 
only  troops  which  <«uld  do  this  were  the  Briti 
r^ulars  with  the  assistance  of  the  colonial  Z^ 

aid  f™  "r':r  "^""^  *"  ^""^  '''^  -'  -'"out" 
aid  from  abroad  were  made,  however,  one  by  the 
pacific  Quakers  and  the  other  by  the  comUtat 
porfonofthepeople.     Both  of  these  were  suT^ 
ful  so  ar  as  they  went,  but  had  litUe  effect  onTe 
genera,  situation.    In  the  summer  of  me.  1 
Q^ke«  made  a  very  earnest  effort  to  pe«uade 
the  two  pnncpal  Pennsylvania  tribes,  the  Dela- 
wares   and   Shawanoes.    to   withdraw   from   the 
P^n  h  alhance  and  return  to  their  old  friends. 
These  two  tnbes  possessed  a  knowledge  of  the 
country  which  enabled  them  greatly  to  List  Z 


^ 


'^ 


104  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

French  designs  on  Pennsylvania.  Chiefs  of  these 
tribes  were  brought  under  safe  conducts  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  they  were  entertained  as  equals 
in  the  Quaker  homes.  Such  progress,  indeeu,  was 
made  that  by  the  end  of  July  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  concluded  at  Easton  eliminating  those  two 
tribes  from  the  war.  This  has  sometimes  been 
sneered  at  as  mere  Quaker  pacifism;  but  it  was 
certainly  successful  in  lessening  the  numbers  and 
effectiveness  of  the  enemy. 

The  other  undertaking  was  a  military  one,  the 
famous  attack  upon  Kittanning  conducted  by 
Colonel  John  Armjstrong,  an  Ulsterman  from  Car- 
lisle, Pennsylvania,  and  the  first  really  aggressive 
officer  the  province  had  produced.  The  Indians 
had  two  headquarters  for  their  raids  into  the 
province,  one  at  Logstown  on  the  Ohio  a  few 
miles  below  Fort  Duquesne,  and  the  other  at  Kit- 
tanning  or,  as  the  French  called  it,  Attiqu£,  about 
forty  miles  northeast.  At  these  two  points  they 
assembled  their  forces,  received  ammunition  and 
supplies  from  the  French,  and  organized  their 
expeditions.  As  Kittanning  was  the  nearer,  Arm- 
strong in  a  masterly  maneuver  took  three  hundred 
men  through  the  moimtains  without  being  discov- 
ered and,  by  falling  upon  the  village  early  in  the 


TOE  FRENCH  AND  INDUN  WAR      105 
morning,  he  effected  a  complete  surprise.    The 
town  was  set  on  fire,  the  Indians  were  put  to 
flight   and  large  quantities  of  their  ammunition 
were  destroyed.    But  Armstrong  could  not  follow 
up  h.s  success.  Threatened  by  overwhelming  num- 
be«.  he  hastened  to  withdraw.    The  effect  which 
the  fighting  and  the  Quaker  treaty  had  on  the 
fx,ntier  was  good.   Incursions  of  the  savages  were, 
at  least  for  the  present,  checked.    But  the  root  of 
the  evJ  had  not  yet  been  reached,  and  the  Indians 
remamed  massed  along  the  Ohio,  ready  to  break  in 
upon  the  people  again  at  the  first  opportunity. 

The  following  year.  1757.  was  the  most  depress- 
ing penod  of  th^  war.    The  proprietors  of  Penn- 
sylvania took  the  opportunity  to  exempt  th,  ir 
ovn,  estate  from  taxation  and  throw  the  burden 
of  furnishing  money  for  the  war  upon  the  colonists. 
Under  pressure  of  the  increasing  success  of  the 
French  and  Indians  and  because  the  dreadful  mas- 
sacres were  coming  nearer  and  nearer  to  Phila- 
delphia, the  Quaker  Assembly  yielded,  voted  the 
largest  sum  they  had  ever  voted  to  the  war.  and 
exempted  the  proprietary  estates.    The  colony 
was  soon  boiling  with  excitement.    The  Church- 
ra^a.  as  friends  of  the  proprietors,  were  delighted 
to  have  the  estates  exempted,  thought  it  a  good 


,.i'f 


.r 


100  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

opportunity  to  have  the  Quaker  Assembly  abol- 
ished, and  sent  petitions  and  letters  and  proofs  of 
alleged  Quaker  incompetence  to  the  British  Crov- 
emment.  The  Quakers  and  a  large  majority  of  the 
colonists,  on  the  other  hand,  instead  of  consent- 
ing to  their  own  destruction,  struck  at  the  root  of 
the  Churchmen's  power  by  proposing  to  abolish 
the  proprietors.  And  in  a  letter  to  Isaac  Norris, 
Benjamin  Franklin,  who  had  been  sent  to  Eng- 
land to  present  the  grievances  of  the  colonists, 
even  suggested  that  "tumults  and  insurrections 
that  might  prove  the  proprietary  government  tm- 
able  to  preserve  order,  or  show  the  people  to  be 
ungovernable,  would  do  the  business  immediately." 
Turmoil  and  party  strife  rose  to  the  most  excit- 
ing heights,  and  the  details  of  it  might,  under  cer- 
tain circumstances,  be  interesting  to  describe.  But 
the  next  year,  1758,  the  British  Government,  by 
sending  a  powerful  force  of  regulars  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  last  adopted  the  only  method  for  ending 
the  war.  Confidence  was  at  once  restored.  The 
Pennsylvania  Assembly  now  voted  the  sufficient 
and,  indeed,  immense  sum  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand {munds,  and  offered  a  bounty  of  five  pounds 
to  every  recruit.  It  was  no  longer  a  war  of  defense 
but  now  a  war  of  aggression  and  conquest.    Fort 


THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR  ,07 
Duquesne  on  the  OWo  was  taken;  and  the  next 
autumn  Fort  Rtt  was  b.-,t  on  iU  ruin,.  C 
O^ada  fell,  and  the  French  empire  in  Americ^ 
«me  to  an  end.  Canada  and  the  Great  West 
P«««l  into  the  possession  of  the  Anglo^axon  race. 


'■'    5 J 


P. 


.#•1 


,!>■, 


Si  J 


CHAPTER  VII 


THE  DECLINE  OP  QHAKEB  OOVERNMENT 

When  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  in  1768,  ex- 
tinguishing France's  title  to  Canada  and  turning 
over  Canada  and  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  the 
English,  the  colonists  were  prepared  to  enjoy  all 
the  blessings  of  peace.  But  the  treaty  of  peace 
had  been  made  witk  France,  not  with  the  red  man. 
A  remarkable  genius,  Pontiac,  appeared  among 
the  Indians,  one  of  the  few  characters,  like  Tecum- 
seh  and  Osceola,  who  are  often  cited  as  proof  of 
latent  powers  almost  equal  to  the  strongest  quali- 
ties of  the  white  race.  Within  a  few  months  he 
had  united  all  the  tribes  of  the  West  in  a  disci- 
pline and  control  which,  if  it  had  been  brought 
to  the  assistance  of  the  French  six  years  earlier, 
might  have  conquered  the  colonies  to  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  before  the  British  regulars  could  have 
come  to  their  assistance.  The  tribes  swept  east- 
ward into  Pennsylvania,  burning,  murdering,  and 

108 


DECLINE  OP  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  109 
leveling  eve^y  habitation  to  the  ground  with  a 
thoroughness  beyond  anything  attempted  under 
the  French  allianc*.    The  settler,  and  fanners  fled 
eastward  to  the  towns  to  live  in  cellars,  camps,  and 
sheds  :^  best  they  could.'    Fortunately  the  colo- 
mes  retained  a  large  part  of  the  military  organiza- 
tion.  both  men  and  officers,  of  the  French  War, 
and  were  soon  able  to  handle  the  situation.    De^ 
troit  and  Niagara  were  relieved  by  water;  and  an 
expedition  commanded  by  Colonel  Bouquet,  who 
had  distinguished  himself  under  General  Forbes 
saved  Fort  Ktt. 

At  this  time  the  Scotch-Irish  frontiersmen  sud- 
denly became  prominent.  They  had  been  organ- 
ixmg  for  their  own  protection  and  were  meeting 
witii  not  a  little  success.  They  refused  to  join 
the  expedition  of  regular  troops  marching  west- 
ward against  Pontiac's  warriors,  because  they 
wanted  to  protect  their  own  homes  and  because 
tiiey  believed  the  regulars  to  be  marching  to  sure 
destruction.  Many  of  the  regular  troops  were 
mvalided  from  the  West  Indies,  and  the  Scotch- 
Insh  never  expected  to  see  any  of  them  again. 
They  believed  tiiat  the  salvation  of  Pennsylvania, 

by  fMwic  A.  Ogg  (in  r*.  Chrmidu  <jf  Ammm). 


■'   ri 


^i 


,»'' 


IS 


no  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

or  at  least  of  their  part  of  the  province,  depended 
entirely  upon  thenwelves.  Their  increasing  num- 
bers and  rugged  independence  were  forming  them 
also  into  an  organized  poliUcal  party  with  decided 
tendencies,  as  it  afterwards  appeared,  towards 
forming  a  separate  state. 

The  extreme  narrowness  of  the  Scotch-Irish,  how- 
ever, misled  them.    The  only  real  safety  for  the 
province  lay  in  regularly  constituted  and  strong 
expeditions,  like  that  of  Bouquet,  which  would 
drive  the  main  body  of  the  savages  far  westward. 
But  the  Scotch-Irish  could  not  see  this;  and  with 
that  intensity  of  passion  which  marked  all  their 
actions  they  turned  their  energy  and  vengeance 
upon  the  Quakers  and  semicivilized  Indians  in 
the  eastern  end  of  the  colony.    Their  preachers, 
who  were  their  principal  leaders  and  organizers, 
encouraged  them  in  denouncing  Quaker  doctrine 
as  a  wicked  heresy  from  which  only  evil  could 
result.    The  Quakers  had  offended  God  from  the 
beginning  by  making  treaties  of  kindness  with  the 
heathen  savages  instead  of  exterminating  them 
as  the  Scripture  commanded:    "And  when  the 
Lord  thy  God  shaU  deliver  them  before  thee,  thou 
Shalt  smite  them,  and  utterly  destroy  them;  thou  shaU 
make  no  covenant  unth  them,  not  show  mercy  unto 


DECUNE  OF  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  111 
tt««^'    The  Scripture  h^l  not  been  obeyed;  the 
heathen  h«J  not  been  destroyed;  on  the  contrwt-. 
.  .y.tem.tic  poKcy  of  covenant*.  tr«,tie..  a,;d 
kmdneM  had  oeen  persisted  in  for  two  genera- 
Uons.  and  03  a  consequence,  the  Ulstermen  said, 
the  frontiers  were  now  deluged  in  blood.    They 
were  partJoularly  resentful  against  the  small  set- 
tlement of   Indians   near  Bethlehem,   who  had 
been  converted  to  Christianity  by  the  Moravians, 
and  another  little  village  of  half  civilized  basket- 
mdang  Indians  at   Conestoga   near   Lancaster. 
The  Sootch-Insh  had  worked  themselves  up  into 
a  strange  belief  that  these  small  remnants  were 
«mdmg  mformation.  arms,  and  ammunition  to  the 
western  tribes;  and  they  seemed  to  think  that  it 
was  more  important  to  exterminate  these  little 
communities  than  to  go  with  such  expeditions  as 
Bouquet  s  to  the  We.t.    They  asked  the  Governor 
to  remove  these  civilized  Indians  and  assured  him 
that  their  removal  would  secure  the  safety  of  the 
faontier.    When  the  Governor,  not  being  able  to 
find  anything  against  the  Indians,  declined  to  re- 
move them,  the  Scotch-Irish  determined  to  attend 
to  the  matter  in  their  own  fashion. 

Bouquet's  victory  at  Bushy  Run,  much  to  the 
surpnse  of  the  Scotch-Irish,  stopped  Indian  raids 


•I.' 


-M' 


r 


Ill  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

of  any  wriounieMr   tO  the  following  ipring. 


But 


in  the  autumn  there  were  •  few  depredations,  which 
led  the  frontiersmen  to  believe  that  the  whole  in- 
vasion would  begin  again.  A  party  of  them,  there- 
fore,  started  to  attack  the  Moravian  Indians  near 
Bethlehem;  but  before  they  could  accomplish  their 
object,  the  Governor  brought  most  of  the  Indians 
down  to  Philadelphia  for  protection.  Kven  there 
they  were  narrowly  saved  from  the  mob,  for  the 
hostility  against  them  was  spreading  throughout 
the  pro  vine. 

Soon  afterwards  another  party  of  Scotch-Irish, 
ever  since  known  as  the  "Paxton  Boys,"  went  at 
break  of  day  to  the  village  of  the  Conestoga  In- 
dians and  found  only  six  of  them  at  home  —  three 
men,  two  women,  and  a  boy.  These  they  instant- 
ly shot  down,  mutilated  their  bodies,  and  burned 
their  cabins.  As  the  murderers  returned,  they 
related  to  a  man  on  the  road  what  they  had  done, 
and  when  he  protested  against  the  cruelty  of  the 
deed,  they  asked,  "Don't  you  believe  in  God  and 
the  Biblef "  The  remaining  fourteen  Jnhabitante 
of  the  village,  who  were  away  selling  brooms,  were 
collected  by  the  sheriff  and  put  in  the  jail  at  Lan- 
caster for  protection.  The  Paxtons  heard  of  it 
and  in  a  few  days  stormed  the  jail,  broke  down  the 


DECXINE  OF  QUAKER  GOVEIWBIENT  lis 
doors.  «,d  cither  Aot  the  r  p  Indian,  or  cut 
w«n  to  pieces  with  hatcheto. 

This  w..  probably  the  first  instance  of  lynch  law 
faAmenc.    It  mised  a  storm  of  indignation  «,d 
controversy;  «.d  a  pamphlet  war  pe„i,ted  for 
several  y««.     The  whole  province  was  immedi- 
ately  divided  mto  two  parties.    On  one  side  we« 
the  Quakew.  most  of  the  Germans,  and  conwsrv- 
atives  of  every  wrt.  and  on  the  other,  inclined 
to  sympathue  with  the  Scotch-Irish,  were  the 
eastern  ftesbyterians.  some  of  the  Churchmen, 
and  various  miscelUneous  people  who«=  vindic 
tiveness  towards  all  Indians  had  been  aroused  by 
Aew„     The  Quakers  «.d  conservatives,  who 
^m  to  have  been  the  more  numerous,  assailed  the 
ScotcA-Insh  m  no  measured  language  as  a  gang 
of  ruffians  without  respect  for  law  or  oHer  Z 
though  always  eying  for  protection,  had  refused 
to  mardi  with  Bouquet  to  save  Port  Ktt  or  to 
furnish  him  tiie  slightest  assistance.  Im.tead  of  go- 
2westward  where  the  danger  was  and  sometii^ 
"f   be  accomplished,  they  had  turned  eastwa^ 
among  the  settlements  and  murdered  a  few  poor 
defense  ess  people,  mostiy  women  and  children. 

ftanklm.  who  had  now  returned  from  Eur- 
land,  wrote  one  of  his  best  pamphlets  against  the 


:% 


i.   1. 


iS 


114  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

PtatoM,  the  valorous,  berak  Putoiu,  m  he  ealM 
them,  prating  of  God  and  the  Bible.  uity>Mven  of 
whom,  armed  with  rifles,  knives,  and  hatdiets, 
bad  actually  succeeded  in  killi-  hree  old  men. 
two  women,  and  a  boy.  This  pamphlet  became 
blown  as  the  Narratitie  from  the  first  word  of  its 
title,  and  it  had  an  immense  circulation.  Like 
everything  Franklin  wrote,  it  is  interesting  reading 
to  this  day. 

One  of  the  first  effects  of  this  controversy  was 
to  drive  the  excitable  Scotch-Irish  into  a  flame 
of  insurrection  not  unlike  the  Whisky  Rebellion, 
which  started  among  them  some  years  after  the 
Revolution.  They  held  tumultuous  meetings  de- 
nouncing  the  Quakers  and  the  whole  proprietary 
government  in  Philadelphia,  and  they  organized 
an  expedition  which  included  some  delegates  to 
suggest  reforms.  For  the  most  part,  however,  it 
was  a  well  equipped  little  army  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  five  hundred  to  fifteen  hundred  on 
foot  and  on  horsebadc.  which  matched  towards 
Philadelphia  with  no  uncertain  purpose.  They 
openly  declared  that  they  intended  to  capture  the 
town,  seize  the  Moravian  Indians  protected  there, 
and  put  them  to  death.  They  fully  expected  to 
be  supported  by  most  of  the  people  and  to  have 


DECLINE  OP  QUAKER  GOVERNME>rr  m 

f«hion  by  footing  chicken,  and  pig,.  frightT 
«W  people  by  thrusting  their  rifle.  SSot 

pretending  to  Kalp  him. 
In  the  city  there  w«  g^t  excitement  and 

the  Scotch.In.h  did  not  altogether  «Ii,h  havinir 
^«rp«.perty  burned  or  dct^yed.    Greatpr^* 

^Jm^       7*^"'^'""^-    Eight  companie, 
ea.    rnuudm  became  a  military  man  once 

•M  side,  the  Quakers  wei-e  eniisting;  they  had 
l^me  accustomed  to  war;  and  th^  l^U„«te 
^oe  to  .hoot  a  Scotch-Irish  PresbytS„Tl 
too  much  or  the  strongest  scruples  of  their";,r 

ra  foilowed  they  were  accused  of  clamorously 
StLy."™^'°''^'"'"''^^^''<^'«^«'«^--t 

n^  amusing  now  to  read  about  it  in  the  old 
"cords.    But  .t  was  serious  enough  at  the  time. 


'■  il 


118  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

When  the  Scotch-Irish  army  reached  the  Schuyl- 
kill River  and  found  the  fords  leading  to  the  city 
guarded,  they  were  not  quite  so  enthusiastic  about 
killing  Quakers  and  Indians.    They  went  up  the 
river  some  fifteen  miles,  crossed  by  an  unopposed 
ford,  anii  halted  in  Germantown  ten  miles  north 
of  Pliiladelphia.    That  was  as  far  as  they  thought 
it  safe  to  venture.    Several  days  passed,  during 
which  the  city  people  continued  their  preparations 
and  expected  every  night  to  be  attacked.    There 
were,  indeed,  several  false  alarms.   Whenever  the 
alarm  was  sounded  at  night,  every  one  placed 
candles  in  his  windows  to  light  up  the  streets. 
One  night  when  it  rained  the  soldiers  were  allowed 
to  shelter  themselves  in  a  Quaker  meeting  house, 
which  for  some  hours  bristled  with  bayonets  and 
swords,  an  incident  of  which   the  Presbyterian 
pamphleteers  afterwards  made  much  use  for  satire. 
On  another  day  all  the  cannon  were  fired  to  let 
the  enemy  know  what  was  in  store  for  him. 

Finally  commissioners  with  the  clever,  genial 
Franklin  at  their  head,  went  out  to  Germantown 
to  negotiate,  and  soon  had  the  whole  mighty  dif- 
ference composed.  The  Scotch-Irish  stated  their 
grievances.  The  Moravian  Indians  ought  not  to 
be  protected  by  the  government,  and  all  such 


DECLINE  OF  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  117 
Indians  should  be  removed  from  the  colony:  the 
m^  who  killed  the  Conestoga  Indian,  should  be 
tned  where  the  supposed  offense  was  committed 
and  not  m  Philadelphia;  the  five  frontier  counties 
wVI  "^^u"^  «Pr«entaUves   in   the  Assembly 
whJe  the  three  others  had  twenty-six  -  this  should 
be  remedied;  men  wounded  in  border  war  should  be 
cared  for  at  public  expense;  no  trade  should  be  ear- 
ned on  with  hostile  Indians  until  tl.y  restored 
pr^oners:  and  there  should  be  a  bounty  on  scalps. 

„f  r t^^uV'^"*""*''"^'  ^'"^  P««=eeding.  some 
of  the  Scotch-Insh  amused  themselves  by  pmctic- 
7  '"th  their  rifles  at  the  weathe.  vane,  a  figure 
of  a  cock,  on  the  steeple  of  the  old  Lutheran  church 
m  Germantown-an  unimportant  incident,  it  is 
true,  but  one  revealing  the  conditions  and  char- 
acter of  the  time  as  much  as  graver  matters  do. 
n.e  old  weather  vane  with  the  bullet  marks  upon 
•t  .s  stdl  preserved.    About  thirty  of  these  same 
nflemej,  were  invited  to  Philadelphia  and  were 
allowed  to  wander  about  and  see  the  sights  of  the 
town     The  rest  returned  to  the  frontier.    As  for 
their  list  of  grievances,  not  one  of  them  was  gmnted 
exc^t  strange  and  sad  to  relate,  the  one  which 
M  for  a  scalp  bomity.     The  Governor,  after 
the  manner  of  other  colonies,  it  must  be  admitted 


llf^ 


:  ■! -^ 

ii'M 

118  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

issued  the  long  desired  scalp  proclamation,  which 
after  offering  rewards  for  prisoners  and  scalps, 
closed  by  saying,  "and  for  the  scalp  of  a  female 
Indian  fifty  pieces  of  eight."  William  Penn's 
Indian  poh'cy  had  been  admired  for  its  justice  and 
humanity  by  all  the  philosophers  and  statesmen  of 
the  world,  and  now  his  grandson.  Governor  of  the 
province,  in  the  last  days  of  the  family's  control, 
was  offering  bounties  for  women's  scalps. 

Franklin  while  in  England  had  succeeded  in 
having  the  proprietary  lands  taxed  equally  with 
the  lands  of  the  colonists.    But  the  proprietors 
attempted  to  construe  this  provision  so  that  their 
best  lands  were  taxed  at  the  rate  paid  by  the 
people   on   their  worst.    This    obvious   quibble 
of  course  raised  such  a  storm  of  opposition  that 
the  Quakers,  joined  by  classes  which  had  nev«r 
before  supported  them,  and  now  forming  a  large 
majority,  determined  to  appeal  to  the  Government 
in  England  to  abolish  the  proprietorship  and  put 
the  colony  under  the  rule  of  the  King.    In  the 
proposal  to  make  Pennsylvania  a  Crown  colony 
there  was  no  intention  of  confiscating  the  posses- 
sions of  the  proprietors.    It  was  merely  the  pro- 
prietary political  power,  their  right  to  appoint  the 
Governor,  that  was  to  be  abolished.    This  right 


DECLINE  OP  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  us 

WM  to  be  absorbed  by  the  Crown  with  payment 
for  lb.  value  to  the  proprietors;  but  in  all  other 
respecta  the  charter  and  the  rights  and  liberUe. 
of  the  people  were  to  remain  unimpaired.    Just 
there  lay  the  danger.    An  act  of  Parliament  would 
be  required  to  make  the  change  and,  having  once 
started  on  such  a  change,  Parliament,  or  the  party 
in  power  therein,  might  decide  to  make  other 
dianges,  and  in  the  end  there  might  rt-main  very 
httle  of  the  original  rights  and  liberties  of  the 
colonists  mider  their  charter.    It  was  by  no  means 
a  wwe  move.    But  intense  feeling  on  the  subject 
w«  aroused.    Passionate  feeling  seemed  to  have 
been  ra^nmg  very  high  among  the  .teady  Quakere 
In  this  new  outburst  the  Quakers  had  the  Scotch- 
bah  on  their  side,  and  a  part  of  the  Churchmen. 
The  Germans  were  divided.    But  the  majority 
enthusiastic  for  the  change  was  very  large. 

There  was  a  new  alinement  of  parties.  The  east- 
em  Presbyterians,  usually  more  or  less  in  sym- 
pathy  with  the  Scotch-Irish,  broke  away  from 
them  on  this  occasion.  These  Presbyterians  op- 
posed the  change  to  a  royal  governor  because  they 
believed  that  it  ^ould  be  foUowed  by  the  estab- 
lishment by  law  of  the  Church  of  England,  with 
bishops  and  all  the  other  .ucient  evils.    Although 


Ml 


^.'^M 

'i'^ 


1«0  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

wme  of  the  Churchmen  joined  the  Quaker  side, 
most  of  them  and  the  most  influential  of  them  were 
opposed  to  the  change  and  did  good  work  in  oppos- 
ing it.    They  were  well  content  with  their  position 
under  the  proprietors  and  saw  nothing  to  be  gained 
under  a  royal  governor.    There  were  also  not  a 
few  people  who,  in  the  increase  of  the  wealth  of 
the  province,  had  acquired  aristocratic  tastes  and 
were  attached  to  the  pleasant  social  conditions 
that  had  grown  up  round  the  proprietary  gover- 
nors and  their  followers;  and  there  were  also  those 
whose  salaries,  incomes,  or  opportunities  for  wealth 
were  more  or  les^  dependent  on  the  proprietors  re- 
taining the  executive  oflSces  and  the  appointments 
and  patronage. 

One  of  the  most  striking  instances  of  a  change 
of  sides  was  the  case  of  a  Philadelphia  Quaker,  John 
Dickinson,  a  lawyer  of  large  practice,  a  man  of 
wealth  and  position,  and  of  not  a  little  colonial 
magnificence  when  he  drove  in  his  coach  and  four. 
It  was  he  who  later  wrote  the  nous  Farmer's 
Letterg  durmg  the  RevoluUon.  K.  *as  a  member 
of  the  Assembly  and  had  been  in  poUtics  for  some 
years.  But  on  this  question  of  a  change  to  royal 
government,  he  left  the  Quaker  majority  and  op- 
posed the  change  with  all  his  influence  and  abihty. 


DECLINE  OF  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  l«l 
He  and  his  father-in-law.  Isaac  Norris.  Speaker  of 
the  Awembly.  became  the  leaders  against  the 
change,  and  JVanklin  and  Joseph  Galloway,  the 
latter  afterwards  a  prominent  loyalist  in  the  Re- 
vohation.  were  the  leading  advocates  of  the  change. 
The  whole  subject  was  thoroughly  thrashed  out 
m  debates  in  the  Assembly  and  in  pamphlets  of  very 
great  ability  and  of  much  interest  to  students  of  co- 
lonial history  and  the  growth  of  American  ideas  of 
liberty.    It  must  be  remembered  that  this  was  the 
year  1764.  on  the  eve  of  the  Revolution.     British 
statesmen  were  plamiing  a  system  of  more  rigorous 
control  of  the  colonies;  and  the  advisability  of  a 
stamp  tax  was  under  consideration.  Informationof 
aU  these  possible  changes  had  reached  the  colom-« 
Dickinson  foresaw  the  end  and  warned  the  people 
Pmnklin  and  the  Quaker  party  thought  there  wa^ 
no  danger  and  that  the  mother  country  could  be 
implicitly  trusted. 

Dickinson  warned  the  people  that  the  British 
Mmistry  were  starting  special  regulations  for  new 
colonies  and  "designing  the  strictest  reformations 
m  the  old."  It  would  be  a  great  relief,  he  ad- 
mitted, to  be  rid  of  the  pettiness  of  the  proprie- 
tors, and  It  might  be  accomplished  some  time  in 
the  future;  but  not  now.    The  proprietary  system 


♦  11 


M 


♦  "I. 


i\- 


M«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

m^it  be  bad.  but  a  royal  government  might  be 
wowe  and  might  wreck  aU  the  liberties  of  the 
province,  religious  freedom,  the  Assembly's  con- 
trol of  its  own  adjournments,  and  its  power  of  reis- 
ing  and  disposing  of  the  public  money.    The 
ministry  of  the  day  in  England  were  weU  known 
not  to  be  favorably  inclined  towards  Pennsylvania 
because  of  the  frequenUy  reported  wUlfubess  of 
the  Assembly,  on  which  the  recent  dbturbances 
had    Jso  been  blamed.    If  the  King.  Ministiy. 
and  Parliament  started  upon  a  change,  they  might 
decide  to  reconstitute  the  Assembly  entirely,  abol- 
ish its  ancient  privileges,  and  disfranchise  both 
Quakers  and  Presbyterians. 

The  aiguments  of  Franklin  and  Galloway  con- 
sisted principally  of  assertions  of  the  good  inten- 
tions of  the  mother  country  and  the  absurdity  of 
any  fear  on  the  part  of  the  colonists  for  their  privi- 
leges. But  the  King  in  whom  thqr  had  so  much 
confidence  was  George  HI,  and  the  Parliament 
which  they  thought  would  do  no  harm  was  the 
same  one  which  a  few  months  afterwards  passed 
the  Stamp  Act  which  brought  on  the  Revolu- 
tion. Franklin  and  GaUoway  also  asserted  that 
the  colonies  like  Massachusetts,  the  Jerseys,  and 
the  Carolinas,  which  had  been  changed  to  royal 


DECLINE  OF  QUAKER  GOVERNMENT  1» 
ffBvemmenta,  had  profited  by  the  change.     But 
that  was  hardly  the  prevailing  opinion  in  those  coJo- 
mes  themselves.  Royal  governors  could  be  as  petty 
and  annoying  as  the  Penns  and  far  mo«  tynm- 
meal.    Pennsylvania  had  always  defeated  any  at- 
tempts  at  despotism  on  the  part  of  the  Penn  fam- 
ily  and  had  built  up  a  splendid  body  of  liberal 
taws  and  legislative  privileges.   But  governors  with 
the  authority  and  power  of  the  British  Crown  be- 
hmd  them  could  not  be  so  easily  resisted  as  the 
deputy  governors  of  the  Penns. 

The  Assembly,  however,  voted  -  twenty-seven 
to  three  -  with  Franklin  and  Galloway.    In  the 
general  election  of  the  autumn,  the  question  was 
debated   anew  among   the  people  and,   though 
FranKlm  and  Galloway  were  defeated  for  seats  in 
the  Assembly,  yet  the  popular  verdict  was  strong- 
ly m  favor  of  a  change,  and  ti,e  majority  in  the 
Assembly  was  for  practical  purposes  unaltered. 
Tb^y  voted  to  appeal  to  England  for  tiie  change 
and  appointed  Franklin  to  be  their  agent  before 
the  Crown  and  Ministry.    He  sailed  again  for  Eng- 
land and  soon  was  involved  in  the  opening  scenes 
of  the  Revolution.    He  was  made  agent  for  aU 
the  colomes  and  he  spent  many  delightful  years 
there  pursuing  his  studies  in  science,  dining  with 


'.'.W 


n 


I  it 


'Mi 


It4  THE  QUAKER  C»U>NI£S 

distingukhed  men.  staying  at  country  teats,  and 
learning  aU  the  arte  of  diplomacy  for  which  he 
afterwards  became  so  distinguished. 

As  for  the  Assembly's  petition  for  a  change  to 
royal  government,  Franklin  presented  it  but  never 
pressed  it.  He,  too,  was  finally  convinced  that 
theUme  was  inopportune.  In  fact,  the  Assembly  it- 
self  before  long  began  to  have  doubts  and  fears  and 
sent  him  word  to  let  the  subject  drop;  and  amid 
much  greater  events  it  was  soon  entirely  forgotten. 


CHAPTER  Vm 

THE  BEOWmNOS  OF  NEW  JEB8ET 

«  Nova  C«««a.  „  it  w«  called  in  the  Latin  of 
^proprietary  grant,  had  a  histoiy  rather  different 
Jr  *^!*  ° . "»''«  English  colonies  in  America 

w«  a  good  sized  dommion  snrwnnded  on  all  sides 
but  one  by  water,  almost  an  isknd  domain,  se- 

bv  arS     ,^''.°*^*"'^«'«'»^"'>d«dalmostentireIy 
by  artificial  or  imaginary  lines 

K  off^  an  opportum-ty.  one  might  have  sup- 
posed for  some  dissatisfied  religious  sect  of  the 
-venteenth  century  to  secure  a  sanctuaiy^L 
keep  off  all  intruders.  But  at  fi«t  no  o^f  ^e 
various  denominations  seems  to  have  fancfed  it 

upon  the  bleak  shores  of  New  England  well  suited 


m 


IM  THE  QUAKEB  COIONIES 

to  the  sternneu  of  their  rdigioii.    How  different 
American  history  might  have  been  if  they  had 
established   themselves  in   the  JerM^sl    Could 
they,  under  those  milder  skies,  have  developed 
witchcraft,  set  up  blue  laws,  and  indulged  in  the 
killing  of  Quakers?    After  a  time  they  learned 
about  the  Jerseys  and  cast  thrifty  eyes  upon  them. 
Their  seafaring  habits  and  the  pursuit  of  whales 
led  them  along  the  coast  and  into  Delaware  Bay. 
The  PuriUns  of  New  Haven  made  persistent  ef- 
forts to  settle  the  southern  part  of  Jersey,  on  the 
Delaware  near  Salem.    They  thou^t.  as  their 
quaint  old  records  show,  that  if  they  could  once 
start  a  branch  colony  in  Jersey  it  might  become 
more  populous  and  powerful  than  the  New  Haven 
settlement  and  in  that  case  they  intended  to  move 
their  seat  of  government  to  the  new  colony.    But 
their  shrewd  estimate  of  ite  value  came  too  late 
The  Dutch  and  the  Swedes  occupied  the  DeUware 
at  that  time  and  drove  them  out.    Puritans,  how- 
ever, entered  northern  Jersey  and,  while  they  were 
not  numerous  enough  to  make  it  a  thoroughly 
Puritan  community,  they  largely  tinged  iU  thought 
and  its  laws,  and  their  influence  still  survives. 

The  diflSculty  with  Jersey  was  that  its  seacoast 
was  a  monotonous  line  of  breakers  with  dangerous 


1HB  BEGINNINGS  OP  NEW  JERSEY   m 
•hod  InleU.  few  luttbof..  ud  vut  mo«,uito  in- 
farted  Mit  nunhet  and  sandy  thickete.    In  the 
iDtenor  it  waa  for  the  most  part  a  level.  heavUy 
forerted.  mdy.  swampy  country  in  its  southern 
ixwtions,  and  rough  and  mountainous  in  the  north- 
«n  porUons.    Even  the  entrance  by  Delaware 
Bay  was  so  difficult  by  reason  of  iU  shoals  that  it 
was  the  last  part  of  the  coast  to  be  explored.    The 
Delaware  region  and  Jersey  were  in  fact  a  sort  of 
middle  ground  far  less  easy  of  access  by  the  sea 
than  the  regions  to  the  north  in  New  England  and 
to  the  south  in  Virginia. 

^ere  were  only  two  places  easy  of  settlement 
in  the  Jerseys.    One  was  the  open  region  of  mead- 
ows and  marshes  by  Newark  Bay  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson  and  along  the  Hackensack  River, 
whence  the  people  slowly  extended  themselves 
to  the  seashore  at  Sandy  Hook  and   aence  south- 
ward along  the  ocean  beach.    This  was  East  Jersey, 
^e  other  easily  occupied  region,  which  became 
West  Jersey,  stretched  along  the  shore  of  the  lower 
Delaware  from  the  modern  Trenton  to  Salem 
whence  the  settlers  gradually  worked  th»ir  way 
into  the  interior.    Between  these  two  divisions  lay 
a  rough  wilderness  which  in  its  southern  portion 
was  f  uU  of  swamps,  thickete.  and  pine  barrens    So 


It. 


.It  ?l 


Itt  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

nigged  WM  the  country  tluit  the  native  Indians  Gved 
for  the  moet  part  only  b  the  two  open  regions 
already  described. 

The  natural  geographical,  geological,  and  even 
social  division  of  New  Jersey  is  made  by  drawing 
a  line  from  Trenton  to  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson 
River.  North  of  that  line  the  successive  terraces 
of  the  piedmont  and  mountainous  r^on  form 
part  of  the  original  North  American  continent. 
South  of  that  line  the  more  or  less  sandy  level 
region  was  once  a  shoal  beneath  the  ocean;  after- 
wards a  series  of  islands;  then  one  island  with  a 
wide  sound  behiivd  it  passing  along  the  division 
line  to  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson.  Southern  Jersey 
was  in  short  an  island  with  a  sound  behind  it  very 
much  like  the  present  Long  Island.  The  shoal 
and  island  had  been  formed  in  the  far  distant 
geologic  past  by  the  erosion  and  washings  from 
the  lofty  Pennsylvania  mountains  now  worn  down 
to  mere  stumps. 

The  Delaware  River  flowed  into  this  sound  at 
Trenton.  Gradually  the  Hudson  end  of  the  sound 
filled  up  as  far  as  Trenton,  but  the  tide  from  the 
ocean  still  runs  up  the  remains  of  the  Old  Sound 
as  far  as  Trenton.  The  Delaware  should  still  be 
properly  considered  as  ending  at  Trenton,  for  the 


TOE  BEGINNINGS  OP  NEW  ffiBSEY   in 

~t  ol  iu  ,»u«e  to  the  ocew  i,  rtfll  p„rt  of  Old 
P«J.uken  Sound.  «  it  i.  cdW  by  g«Jog«t,. 

W*  W«.t  Je»ey  p-sed  into  ti,e  control  of  tl.e 
Qu^.  In  IMO  E«t  Jettey  c«„e  partilly 
under  Qudcer  influence.  In  August.  1664.  Charl« 
n  «.«d  New  Yorlc.  New  Je«,y.  „d  ^,  t^, 
Dutch  po«e«Km.  in  America,  having  p«viou,ly 
m  March  g«nted  them  to  hi.  b«,ther  the  Duke 

il't  J?'  '^}l'^'  '"""ediately  gave  to 
^  Berkeley  aud  Sir  George  Carte«t.  member, 
of  the  Pnvy  Council  and  defender,  of  the  Stuart 
J«uly  m  the  Cromwellian  warn,  the  land  between 
the  Deh»w.«  aver  «,d  the  ocean,  and  bounded 
on  the  north  by  .  line  dmwn  from  latitude  41»  on 
the  Hud«>n  to  latitude  41«40'  on  the  Delaware. 
This  region  wa.  to  be  called,  the  gmnt  «id.  Nov. 
C^sarea  orNewJen«=y.    The  name  was  a  com- 
plim^t  to  Carteret,  who  in  the  Cromwellian  wan, 
.^defended  the  little  fale  of  Je«K^  ,g^^  ^he 
fot«s  of  the  Long  Parliament.    A,  the  American 
J^^as  then  almost  an  island  and  g.«logically 
had  been  one.  the  m,me  was  not  imtppropriate. 

Berkelq,  and  Carteret  divided  the  province 
between  them.  I„  1676  an  exact  division  was 
attempted,  creatmg  the  rather  um.a.un,l  sections 

9 


'  III 


di 


■ti- 


1,1  i\ 


180  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

known  as  East  Jersqr  and  West  Jeney. 


Hie 


!  \:V 


first  idea  seems  to  have  been  to  divide  by  a  line 
ninning  from  Bamegat  on  the  seashore  to  the 
mouth  of  Pensauken  Creek  on  the  Delaware  just 
above  Camden.  This,  however,  would  have  made 
a  North  Jersey  and  a  South  Jersey,  with  the  latter 
much  smaller  than  the  former.  Several  lines  seem 
to  have  been  surveyed  at  different  times  in  the 
attempt  to  make  an  exactly  equal  division,  which 
was  no  easy  engineering  task.  As  private  land 
titles  and  boundaries  were  in  some  places  depend- 
ent on  the  location  of  the  division  line,  there 
resulted  much  controversy  and  litigation  which 
lasted  down  into  our  own  time.  Without  going 
into  details,  it  is  su£Scient  to  say  that  the  accept- 
able division  line  began  on  the  seashore  at  Little 
Egg  Harbor  at  the  lower  end  of  Bam^at  Bay  and 
crossed  diagonally  or  northwesterly  to  the  northern 
part  of  the  Delaware  River  just  above  the  Water 
Gap.  It  is  known  as  the  Old  Province  line,  and 
it  can  be  traced  on  any  map  of  the  State  by 
prolonging,  in  both  directions,  the  northeastern 
boundary  of  Burlington  County. 

West  Jersey,  which  became  decidedly  Quaker, 
did  not  remain  long  in  the  possession  of  Lord 


Ui 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OP  NEW  JEBSEY   m 
B«kelqr.    He  was  growing  old;  and,  disappointed 
ffl  his  hopes  of  seeing  it  setUed.  he  sold  it.  in  1673 
for  one  Uiousand  pounds  to  John  Fenwick  and 
Edward  BylluHse.  both  of  them  old  Cromwellian 
soldiers  turned  Quaken,.      That  this  pm«hase  was 
Hmde  for  the  purpose  of  affording  a  refuge  in 
America  for  Quakers  then  much  imprisoned  and 
persecuted  in  England  does  not  very  distinctly 
•ppear.    At  least  there  was  no  parade  of  it    But 
ouch  a  purpose  in  addition  to  profit  for  the  pro- 
pnetors  may   well  have  been  in   the  minds  of 
the  purchasers. 

Geonre  Po,.  the  Quaker  leader,  had  just  «s 
tumec  jrom  a  missionary  journey  in  America,  in 
the  course  of  whi<  h  he  had  traveled  through  New 
J«sey  in  going  trom  New  York  to  Maryland 
home  years  previously  in  Enghuid.  about  1659 
he  had  made  inquiries  as  to  a  suitable  pbce  for 
Jaker  settlement  and  was  told  of  the  rqjion  north 
of  Maryknd  which  became  Pennsylvania.    But 
how  could  a  persecuted  sect  obtain  such  a  re- 
pon  from  the  British  Crown  and  the  Govermnent 
that  was  persecuting  them?    It  would   require 
powerful  mfluence  at  Court;  nothing  could  then 
be  done  about  it;  and  Pemisylvania  had  to  wait 
unUl  William  Penn  became  a  man  with  in^u^^e 


^'i 


'<>: 


ISS 


THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 


enough  in  1681  to  win  it  from  the  Crown.  But 
here  was  West  Jersey,  nc  longer  owned  directly 
by  the  Crown  and  bought  in  cheap  by  two  Quak- 
ers. It  was  an  unexpected  opportunity.  Quak- 
ers soon  went  to  it,  and  it  was  the  first  Quaker 
colonial  experiment. 

Byllinge  and  Fenwick,  though  turned  Quakers, 
seem  to  have  retained  some  of  the  contentious 
Cromwellian  spirit  of  their  youth.  They  soon 
quarreled  over  their  respective  interests  in  the 
ownership  of  West  Jersey;  and  to  prevent  a  law- 
suit, so  objectionable  to  Quakers,  the  decision  was 
left  to  William  Fenn,  then  a  rising  young  Quaker 
about  thirty  years  old,  dreaming  of  ideal  colonies 
in  America.  Penn  awarded  Fenwick  a  one-tenth 
interest  and  four  hundred  pounds.  Byllinge  soon 
became  insolvent  and  turned  over  his  nine-tenths 
interest  to  his  creditors,  appointing  Penn  and  two 
other  Quakers,  Gawen  Lawrie,  a  merchant  of 
London,  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  a  maltster  of  Hert- 
ford, to  hold  it  in  trust  for  them.  Gawen  Lawrie 
afterwards  became  deputy  governor  of  East  Jersey. 
Lucas  was  one  of  those  thoroughgoing  Quakers  just 
released  from  eight  years  in  prison  for  his  religion. ' 

■  Myen,   NarraHta    of  Early  Pmiuyltmia,   Wat  Jtruy,   and 
Delawttn,  p.  180. 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY    ISS 
Fenwick  also  in  the  end  fell  into  debt  and,  after 
sdlmg  over  one  hundred  thousand  acres  to  about 
fifty  purchasers,  leased  what  remained  of  hu  inter- 
est for  a  thousand  years  to  John  Earidge,  a  tanner 
and  Edmund  Warner,  a  poulterer,  as  security  for 
money  borrowed  from  them.    They  conveyed  this 
lease  and  their  claims  to  Penn,  Lawrie,  and  Lucas, 
who  thus  became  the  owners,  as  trustees,  of  pretty 
much  all  West  Jersey. 

This  Has  William  Peon's  first  practical  experi- 
ence m  American  affairs.  He  and  his  fellow  trus- 
tees, with  the  consent  of  Fenwick.  divided  the 
West  Jersey  ownership  into  one  hundre,  shares 
The  nmety  belonging  to  Byllinge  were  offered  for 
sale  to  sellers  or  to  creditors  of  Byllinge  who 
would  take  them  in  exchange  for  debts.  The 
settlement  of  West  Jersey  thus  became  the  di..tri- 
bution  of  an  insolvent  Quaker's  estate  among  hLs 
creditor  fellow  re%ionists. 

Although  no  longer  in  possession  of  a  title  to 
land,  Fenwick.  in  1676.  went  out  with  some  Quak- 
er settlers  to  Delaware  Bay.  There  they  founded 
the  modem  town  of  Salem,  which  means  peace 
givmg  It  that  name  because  of  the  fair  and  peace- 
ful aspect  of  the  wilderness  on  the  day  they  arrived 
They  bought  the  land  from  the  Indians  in  the 


A" 


*--ii 


^0^ 


I- 


I  , 


Uha 


I 


!  I  :i 


1S4  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

lututl  manner,  as  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  had  so 
often  done.  But  they  had  no  charter  or  provi- 
sion for  organized  government.  When  Fenwick  at- 
tempted to  exercise  political  authority  at  Salem, 
he  was  seized  and  imprisoned  by  Andros,  Gover- 
nor of  New  York  for  the  Duke  of  York,  on  the 
ground  that,  although  the  Duke  had  given  Jersey 
to  certain  individual  proprietors,  the  political  con- 
trol of  it  remained  in  the  Duke's  deputy  governor. 
Andros,  who  had  levied  a  tax  of  five  per  cent  on  all 
goods  passing  up  the  Delaware,  now  established 
CO  nimissioners  at  Salem  to  collect  the  duties. 

This  action  brought  up  the  whole  question  of 
the  authority  of  Andros.  The  trustee  proprietors 
of  West  Jersey  appealed  to  the  Duke  of  York, 
who  was  suspiciously  indifferent  to  the  matter, 
but  finally  referred  it  for  decision  to  a  prominent 
lawyer.  Sir  William  Jones,  before  whom  the  Quaker 
proprietors  of  West  Jersey  made  a  most  excellent 
arg'iment.  They  showed  the  illegality,  injustice, 
and  wrong  of  depriving  the  Jerseys  of  vested  po- 
litical rights  and  forcing  them  from  the  freeman's 
right  of  making  their  own  laws  to  a  state  of  mere 
dependence  on  the  arbitrary  will  of  one  man. 
Then  with  much  boldness  they  declared  that  "To 
exact  such  an  unterminated  tax  from  English 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY   IM 
plantem.  and  to  continue  it  after  so  many  repeat- 
ed  complainta.  will  be  the  greatest  evidence  of 
•  design  to  introduce,  if  the  Crown  should  ever 
devolve  upon  the  Duke,  an  unlimited  government 
m  old  England."    Prophetic   words   which  the 
Duke,  ma  few  years,  tried  his  best  to  fulfill.    But 
Sir  William  Jones  deciding  against  him,  he  ac- 
quiesced, confirmed  the  political  rights  of  West 
Jersey  by  a  separate  grant,  and  withdrew  any 
authority  Andros  claimed  over  East  Jersqr.    The 
trouble,  however,  did  not  end  here.    Both  the 
Jerseys  were  long  afflicted  by  domineering  attempts 
from  New  York. 

Penn  and  his  fellow  trustees  now  prepared  a 
constitution,  or  Cmce>Mms  and  AgreemenU,  as 
they  called  it,  for  West  Jersey,  the  fiwt  Quaker 
political  constitution  embodying  their  advanced 
Hleas,  establishing  religious  h^berty,  universal  suf- 
frage, and  voting  by  ballot,  and  abolishing  im- 
prisomnent  for  debt.    It  foreshadowed  some  of 
the  Ideas  subsequently  included  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania constitution.    All  these  experiences  were  an 
excellent  school  for  WiUianiPemi.    He  learned  the 
miportance  in  starting  a  colony  of  having  a  care- 
fully and  maturely  considered  system  of  govern- 
ment.   In  his  preparations  some  years  afterwards 


11 


'  1 


'^i'li 


U' 


186  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

for  establishing  Pennsylvania  he  avoided  much  of 

the  bungling  of  the  West  Jersey  enterprise. 

A  better  rgaaized  attempt  was  now  made  to 
ratablish  a  foothold  in  West  Jersey  farther  up  the 
river  than  Fenwick's  colony  at  Salem.    In  1677 
the  ship  Kent  took  out  some  230  rather  well-to-do 
Quakers,  about  as  fine  a  company  of  broadbrims, 
it  is  said,  as  ever  entered  the  Delaware.    Some 
were  from  Yorkshire  and  London,  largely  creditore 
of  BylUnge.  who  were  taking  land  to  satisfy  their 
debts.     They  all  went  up  the  river  to  Raccoon 
Creek  on  the  Jersey  side,  about  fifteen  mOes  below 
the  present  site  of  Philadelphia,  and  lived  at  first 
among  the  Swedes,  who  had  been  in  that  part  of 
Jersey  for  some  years  and  who  took  care  of  the 
new  arrivak  in  their  bams  and  sheds.   These  Quak- 
er immigrants,  however,  soon  began  to  take  care 
of  themselves,  and  the  weather  during  the  winter 
proving  mild,  they  explored  farther  up  the  river 
in  a  small  boat.    They  bought  from  the  Indians 
the  land  along  the  river  shore  from  Oldman's  Creek 
all  the  way  up  to  Trenton  and  made  their  first 
settlements  on  the  river  about  eighteen  miles 
above  the  site  of  Philadelphia,  at  a  place  they 
at  first  called  New  Beverly,  then  Bridlington,  and 
finally  Burlington. 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY   1S7 
n.qr  may  have  chosen  this  spot  partly  because 
there  had  been  an  old  Dutch  settlement  of  a  few 
families  there.    It  had  long  been  a  crossmg  of 
the  Delaware  for  the  few  persons  who  passed  by 
land  from  New  York  or  New  England  to  Mary- 
tond  and  Viiginia.    One  of  the  Dutchmen,  Peter 
Yegon.  kept  a  ferry  and  a  house  for  entertaimnK 
teavelers.    Geonje  Fox.  who  crossed  there  in  1671 
describes  the  place  as  having  been  plundered  by 
tie  Indians  and  deserted.    He  and  his  party  swan, 
thw  howes  across  the  river  and  got  some  of  the 
Indians  to  help  them  with  canoes. 

Other  Quaker  immigrants  followed,  going  to 
Salem  as  well  as  to  Burlington,  and  a  stretch  of 
some  fifty  miles  of  the  river  shore  became  strongly 
Quaker.  There  are  not  many  American  towns 
now  to  be  found  with  more  of  the  old-time  pictur- 
esqueness  and  more  relics  of  the  past  than  Salem 
and  Burlington. 

Settlements  were  also  started  on  the  river 
opposite  the  site  afterwards  occupied  by  Phila- 
delphia, at  Newton  on  the  creek  still  called  by 
tlmt  name;  and  another  a  little  above  on  Coop- 
w's  Credc.  known  as  Cooper's  Perry  until  1794. 
Smce  then  it  has  become  the  flourishing  town  of 
Camden,  full  of  shipbuilding  and  manufacturing 


^  ii 


.ii'  i 


1/1 


m 


188  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

but  for  long  after  the  Revolution  it  was  merely  a 
MuaU  village  on  the  JerMy  ahore  oppoute  Phila- 
delphia, sometimes  used  as  a  hunting  ground  and 
a  place  of  resort  for  duelers  and  dancing  parties 
from  Philadelphia. 

The  Newton  settlers  were  Quakers  of  the  Eng- 
lish middledass,  weavers,  tanners,  carpenters,  brick- 
layers, chandlers,  blacksmiths,  coopers,  bakers,  hab- 
erdashers, hatters,  and  linen  drapers,  most  of  them 
possessed  of  propoty  in  England  and  bringing 
good  supplies  with  them.    Like  all  the  rest  of  the 
New  Jersey  setUers  they  were  in  no  sense  adven- 
turers.  gold  seekers,   cavaliers,  or   desperadoes. 
They  were  well-to-do  middle  class  English  trades- 
people who  would  never  have  thought  of  leaving 
England  if  they  had  not  lost  faith  in  the  stebfl- 
ity  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  and  the  security 
of  their  property  under  the  Stuart  Kings.    With 
them  came  servants,  as  they  were  called;  that  is, 
persons  of  no  property,  who  agreed  to  work  for 
a  certain  time  in  payment  of  their  passage,  to 
escape  from  England.    AU,  indeed,  were  escaping 
from  England  before  their  estates  melted  away  in 
fines  and  confiscations  or  their  health  or  lives  end- 
ed in  the  damp,  foul  air  of  the  crowded  prisons. 
Many  of  those  who  came  had  been  in  jail  and  had 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY    13» 
decided  th«t  they  would  not  ride  imprfaomnent 
•  ««ond  time.    Indeed,  the  proportion  of  Wert 
Jersey  immigrant,  who  had  actually  been  in  pri«)n 
for  holding  or  attending  Quaker  meeting,  or  re- 
^  to  pay  tithe,  for  the  support  of  the  e.tab- 
hrfied  chureh  wa.  large.    For  example.  William 
Bate.,  a  carpenter,  while  in  jail  for  hi.  religion, 
made  arrangement,  with  hi.  friend,  to  escape  to 
West  Jersey  a.  «)on  a.  he  should  be  released,  and 
hi.  descendants  are  now  scattered  over  the  United 
States.    Robert  Turner,  a  man  of  mean.,  who 
«*tled  finally  in   Phil«lelphia   but  also  owned 
much  land  near  Newton  in  West  Jersey,  had  been 
nnprisoned  in  England  in  1660.  again  in  1662 
agwn  in  1665.  and  some  of  hi.  property  had  bed 
taken,  agam  miprisoned  in  1669  and  more  prop- 
erty taken;  and  many  other,  had  the  same  ex- 
perience.   Details  such  as  these  make  us  realize 
the  situation  from  which  the  Quakers  sought  to 
es«ipe.    So  widespread  was  the  Quaker  movement 
m  England  and  so  severe  the  punishment  imposed 
m  order  to  suppress  it  that  fifteen  thousand  fami- 
lies are  said  to  have  been  ruined  by  the  fines, 
confiscations,  and  imprisonments. 

Not  a  few  Jersey  Quakers  were  from  Ireland, 
whither  they  had  fled  because  there  the  laws 


:« 


«■' 


I 


liij 


140  THE  qUAKEB  COLONIES 

■gainrt  them  were  leu  rigoroiuijr  Mlmiiiiatered. 
The  Nevton  settlers  were  joined  by  Quaken  f  ita 
Long  Island,  where,  under  the  En^ish  kw  ac 
•dministered  by  the  New  York  governors.  th«y 
had  also  been  fined  and  imprisoned,  though  with 
less  severity  than  at  home,  for  nonconformity 
to  the  Church  of  England.     On  arriving,  the 
West  Jersqr  setUers  suffered  some  hardships  dur- 
ing the  year  that  must  elapse  before  a  crop  could 
be  raised  and  a  log  cabin  or  house  built.    During 
that  period  they  usually  lived,  in  the  Indian  man- 
ner, in  wigwams  of  poles  covered  with  bark,  or  in 
csves  protected  with  logs  in  the  steep  banks  of 
the  creeks.    Many  of  them  hved  in  the  villages 
of  the  Indians.    The  Indians  supplied  them  all 
with  com  and  venison,  and  without  this  Indian 
help,  they  would  have  run  serious  isk  of  starving, 
for  they  were  not  accustomed  to  hunting.    Th^' 
had  also  to  thank  the  Indians  for  having  in  past 
ages  removed  so  much  of  the  heavy  forest  growth 
from  the  wide  strip  of  land  along  the  river  that 
it  was  easy  to  start  cultivation. 

These  Quaker  settlers  made  a  point  of  dealing 
very  justly  with  the  Indians  and  the  two  races 
lived  side  by  side  for  several  generations.  There 
is  an  instance  recorded  of  the  Indians  attending 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JEH8EY   Ui 
with  much  ioleiimity  the  funenl  of  a  prominent 
Quaker  woman.  Esther  Spicer.  for  whom  ibey  had 
«qm,edgr«.t  respect.    The  funeral  wa.  hdd  .t 
nuM.^a  the  Indian,  in  canoe.,  the  white  m» 
«  boat.,  passed  down  Cooper'.  Creek  and  along 
the  nver  to  Newton  C.*ek  where  the  g«vey.^ 
w«     hghtmg    the    darknes.    with    inn^leibte 
tordie..  a  strange  scene  to  think  of  now  as  having 
been  once  enacted  in  front  of  the  bu.Uing  ciU« 
of  Camden  and  PhiUdelphia.    Some  of  the  young 
.etUe«  took  Indian  wives,  and  that  J^i 
n«Uve  blood  ..said  to  show  itself  in  the  feature, 
of  several  families  to  this  day. 

Many  letters  of  these  settlers  have  been  p«. 
served,  all  expressing  the  greatest  enthusiasm  for 
the  new  country,  for  the  splendid  river  better  than 

health,  the  mimense  relief  to  be  away  from  the 
constant  dread  of  fines  and  punishment,  the  chance 
tonsem  the  world,  with  laige  rewards  forindustnr 
They  note  the  immense  quantities  of  game,  the 
Indms  brmgm^  in  fat  bucks  eve^^  day.  the  veni- 
«.n  better  than  in  England,  the  streams  full  of 
fish  the  abundance  of  wild  fruits,  cranberries. 
hurtleberr.es.  the  rapid  increase  of  cattle,  an.,  the 
good  soil. 


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14t  THE  qUAKEH  C0IX>ME8 

A  few  deUfli  concwmlng  •ome  of  the  liitewiUng 
a»MW!teri  amcng  Uicm  earijr  ookmkl  QuakHi 
tave  been  leKued  from  oblivion.    Tfcefe  ii,  for 

ttrtance,  the  pkadng  picture  of  •  young  man  and 
hi.  Mrter.  convinced  Quakei..  coming  out  together 
*nd  piwieering  in  their  log  cabin  until  eadi  found 
•  partner  for  life.    There  wa.  John  Haddon.  f»m 
whom  HaddonfieW  i.  named,  who  bought  a  laige 
trad  of  land  but  remained  in  England,  while  his 
daughter  Elixabeth  came  out  alone  to  look  after 
It.    A  .trong.  deciMve  character  she  waa.  and 
women  of  that  »rt  have  alway.  been  encour- 
aged m  independent  action  by  the  Quaker..    She 
proved  to  be  an  excellent  manager  of  an  estate. 
The  romance  of  her  marriage  to  a  young  Quaker 
preacher.  Estaugh.  has  been  celebrated  m  M„. 
Mana  Child's  novel  The  Youthful  Emigrma.    He 
pair  became  leading  citizens  devoted  to  good  works 

tl£f  "--^  '-  "-^  ■  "-  in 
It  was  the  ship  ShiM,  of  Hvtt,  brmging  Quaker 
immigrants  to  Burlington,  of  which  the  story  is 
told  that  in  beating  up  the  river  she  tacked  dose 
to  the  rather  high  bank  with  deep  water  frontage 
where  Philadelphia  was  afterwards  established; 
and  some  of  the  passengew  remarked  that  it  was 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEV   14S 
•J«  A.  for.  town.    ne8lMU,iti,^ 

f«^  *«*e  up  next  morning  to  find  the  river 

srStTuor^^-^---*^'^-^^ 

ofPenn.ylv«U..  "  ^  "'"k"  Po«e«ion 

STlrZl"""  "■"  "*"'"'  "»»  --  "topped 
SJ^  J"^  w«  known  «  the  Pine.,  or  p1^ 
*«'«««».  of  .uch  heavy  -rowth  th-»  . 

only  for  hunting.    It  J^  I^Z^f  T^ '' 

J-.  and  until  «eent  yea«l;utU  "L    I^ 
tract  sportsmen  from  all  nart«  «/  .1. 

SUnmg  near  Dew  ;rrel^:S 
W.O.  the  ocean  as  farnorth  «,  the  lower  portion 

^:  ;rr '''"''""""'  ^'"-^^  "^^  '-^^ " 

««.on  about  seventy-five  miles  long  and  thirty 


>.'4H 


144  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

nule*  wide.  It  was  roughly  the  part  of  the  old 
sandy  shoal  that  first  emei^  from  the  ocean, 
and  it  has  been  longer  above  water  thou  any  other 
part  of  southern  Jersey.  The  old  name,  Kne 
Barrens,  is  hardly  correct  because  it  implies  some- 
thing like  a  desert,  when  as  a  matter  of  fact  the 
region  produced  magnificent  forest  trees. 

The  innumerable  visitors  who  cross  southern 
Jersey  to  the  famous  seashore  resorts  always  pass 
through  the  remains  of  this  old  central  forest  and 
are  likely  to  conclude  that  the  monotonous  low 
scrub  oaks  and  stunted  pines  on  sandy  level  soil, 
seen  for  the  last  two  or  three  generations,  were 
always  there  and  that  the  primeval  forest  of  colo- 
nial times  was  no  better.    But  that  is  a  mistake. 
The  stunted  growth  now  seen  is  not  even  second 
growth  but  in  many  cases  fourth  or  fifth  or  more. 
The  whole  region  was  cut  over  long  ago.    The 
original  growth,  pine  in  many  places,  consisted 
also  of  lofty  timber  of  oak,  hickory,  gum,  ash, 
chestnut,  and  numerous  other  trees,  interspersed 
with  dogwood,  sassafras,  and  hoDy,  and  in  the 
swamps  the  beautiful  magnolia,  along  with  the 
valuable  white  cedar.    De  Vries,  who  visited  the 
Jersey  coast  about  1632,  at  what  is  supposed  to 
have  been  Beesley'a  or  Somer's  Point,  uescribes 


TOE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JEBSEY  145 
Ugh  woods  coming  down  to  the  shore.  Even  to- 
day,  «^ed«tely  back  of  Somer's  Point,  then,  is  . 
magnificent  ofty  oak  forest accidentallypr^ed 

fires,  and  here  are  similar  groves  along  the  road 
^.rdsPleasa.tville.  In  f.et.  the  fi'est  fo^ 
^  flounsh  ,n  that  region  wherever  giveT, 
T^tT-  ^^'"-'-"'•^  the  beaches  ffSp! 
^y  had  valuable  <«k  and  luxunant  growths^ 
«d  cedar;  and  until  a  few  yea«  ago  there  were 
fi-trees.  especially  hollies,  surviving  on  WM.^ 

them  sea  tered  almost  eve^^where  in  the  old  forest 

andnear^tsedges.  varying  insizefromafewsqZ. 
yar^uptohundredsofacres.  TheywerefZ^ 
by  LtUe  streams  easily  checked   in  their  flow 

d^if^*'  ""'  '^  "^^•^  vegetation" 
d«nmed  by  beavers.  They  kept  the  water  within 
the  country,  preventing  all  effects  of  droughts 
«tmg  the  growth  of  vegetation  whicTb;* 
rt^^decay.  throughout  the  centuries,  was  steadily 
addmgv  table  mold  or  humus  to  the^^ 
«»!■     1^- Process  of  building  up  a  richer  soil  h« 

XO 


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148  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

now  been  largely  stopped  by  lumbering,  drainage^ 
and  fires. 

While  there  are  many  of  these  swamps  left,  the 
appearance  of  numbers  of  them  has  largely  changed. 
When  the  white  men  first  came,  the  great  cedan 
three  or  four  feet  in  diameter  which  had  fallen 
centuries  before  often  lay  among  the  living  trees, 
some  of  them  buried  deep  in  the  mud  and  preserved 
from  decay.  They  were  invaluable  timber,  and 
digging  them  out  and  cutting  them  up  became  an 
important  industry  for  over  a  hundred  years.  In 
addition  to  being  used  for  boat  building,  they  made 
excellent  shmgles  ^hich  would  last  a  lifetime.  The 
swamps,  indeed,  became  known  as  shingle  mines, 
and  it  was  a  good  description  of  them.  An  im- 
portant trade  was  developed  in  hogshead  staves, 
hoops,  shingles,  boards,  and  planks,  much  <rf  which 
went  into  the  West  IndJ  ;  »rade  to  be  exchanged 
for  rum,  sugar,  molasses,  and  negroes.' 

■  "B<  .wMi  the  fan  1T40  and  '»,  tin  CM»  Smmpi  o(  tbe 
o(»iiit]r[aqe  May]  were  nuMtly  located;  and  the  amaont  of  Inmber 
■mce  taken  from  them  is  incalculable,  not  only  aa  an  article  of  tnde, 
but  to  lupply  the  home  demand  for  fencing  and  building  material 
in  the  county,  tatgr  portion!  of  theie  nnunpa  have  been  worked 
a  lecond  and  aome  a  third  time,  nnce  located.  At  the  preewt  time 
(18WJ  then  ii  not  an  acre  of  original  growth  of  awamp  staadag, 
having  all  paared  aw^  before  the  renitlea  away  c(  the  ipecnlatar 
~  " "    Beedey's  ShMt  (if  Capt  JToy,  p.  187. 


TOE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY   M7 
deatt^.    The  p,„«  ^ere  worked  for  tar.  pitch.  «s- 

mdurtry  p«^  southward  th«.ugh  the  C^lin^ 
toRonda.  exhausting  the  trees  as  it  went.  The 
Chr«tnms  demand  for  holly  has  almost  stripped 

DestrucUve  fires  «.<,  frequent  cutting  Jceep  the 
^e  and  «.Mands  stunted.  UousaL  of  dol! 
lars  worth  of  cedar  springing  up  i„  the  swamps 
are  sometimes  destroyed  in  a  day.  But  SZ 
to  control  the  fires  so  destrucUve  not  only  to  S 
standmg  timber  but  to  the  fertility  of  le  2n 
^  attempts  to  reforest  this  countr^  not  onlyti 

presort  tbe«.  .„  search  of  health  or  natunil 

Xir  '^'^'*-^  ™«'.  been  partially 
*T^.  *  .'•^ts.  ..d  the  sand  used  for  large 
J-;^7*«*fi«durtrie,.     S-Jl  fruits  and  g«pL 

SrfjT."^'*^-  A*  "-  northern  S^"^ 
tt^forest  tract  the  he*h  re»rt  known  as  Lake- 
wood  was^tablisted  f  take  advantage  of  the 


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A 


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148  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Checked  on  the  east  by  the  great  forest,  the  West 
Jersey  Quakers  spread  southward  from  Salem  until 
ihty  came  to  the  Cohansey,  a  large  and  beautiful 
stream  flowing  out  of  the  forest  and  wandering 
through  green  meadows  and  marshes  to  the  bay. 
So  numerous  were  the  wild  geese  along  its  shores 
and  along  the  Maurice  River  farther  south  that 
the  first  settlers  are  said  to  have  killed  them  for 
their  feathers  alone  and  to  have  thrown  t^e  car- 
casses away.  At  the  head  of  navigation  of  the 
Cohansey  was  a  village  called  Cohansey  Bridge, 
and  after  1765  Bridgeton,  a  name  still  borne  by 
a  flourishing  modem  town.  Lower  down  near  the 
marsh  was  the  village  of  Greenwich,  the  principal 
place  of  business  up  to  the  year  1800,  with  a  for- 
eign trade.  Some  of  the  tea  the  East  India  Com- 
pany tried  to  force  on  the  colonists  during  the 
Revolution  was  sent  there  and  was  duly  rejected. 
It  is  still  an  extremely  pretty  village,  with  its 
broad  shaded  streets  like  a  New  England  town  and 
its  old  Quaker  meeting  house.  In  fact,  not  a  few 
New  £n:'.anders  from  Connecticut,  still  infatuated 
with  southern  Jersey  in  spite  of  the  rebufiPs  re- 
cMved  in  ancient  times  from  Dutch  and  Swedes, 
finally  settled  near  the  Cohansey  after  it  came 
under  control  of  the  more  amiable  Quakers.    There 


1^1 


')  I 


THE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY   149 
w«  also  one  pl««  called  after  Fairfield  in  Con- 
«>ect.«nit  and  another  called  New  England  Town, 
lie  first  churches  of  this  r««ion  were  usually 
^t  near  running  streams  so  that  the  congrega- 
twn  could  procure  water  for  themselves  and  tWr 
W    Ofoneold  Presbyterian  Churchitusedto 
besaidthatnoonehad  ever  ridden  to  it  inawheeled 
vehicle.    Wagons  and  carriages  were  very  scarce 
-t.1  after  the  Revolution.    Carts  for  l^Z 
of  ceremony  as  well  as  utility  were  used  before 
wagons  and  carriages.    For  a  hundred  and  fifty 
years  the  horse's  back  was  the  best  form  of  con- 
vq.«.ce  m  the  deep  sand  of  the  trails  and  roads, 
nuswastrueof  all  southern  Jersey.    P.ckhon«s 
and  the  backs  of  Indian  aad  negro  slaves  were 
the  pnncipal  means  of  tmnsporUtion  on  land. 
Tke  roads  and  t«ifc,  i„  fact,  were  so  few  and  so 

developed.  The  Indian  dugout  canoe  was  adopted 
and  fa«nd  faste.  and  better  than  heavy  English 
«)wbo.ts.  As  the  province  was  almost  surrounded 
by  water  and  was  covered  with  a  network  of  c«eks 
^dchajmels  nearly  all  the  villages  and  towns  were 
situated  on  tidewater  streams,  and  the  dugout  ca- 
noe, modified  and  improved,  was  for  seventl  gener- 
ations  the  pnncipal  means  of  communication 


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I!     I' 

V  ' 


lao  THE  QUAKES  COLONIES 

Most  of  the  old  roads  in  New  Jersey  followed 
Indian  trails.  There  was  a  trail,  for  ejwmple, 
from  the  modem  Camden  opponte  Philadelphia, 
following  up  Cooper's  Creek  past  Berlia,  then 
called  Long-a-<!oming.  crossing  the  watershed, 
and  then  following  Great  Egg  Harbor  River  to 
the  seashore.  Another  trail,  long  used  by  the 
setUers,  led  from  Salem  up  to  Camden,  Burlington, 
and  Trenton,  going  round  the  heads  of  streams. 
It  was  afterwards  abandoned  for  the  shorter  route 
obtained  by  bridging  the  streams  nearer  their 
mouths.  This  old  trail  also  extended  from  the 
neighborhood  of  Trenton  to  Perth  Amboy  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  and  thus,  by  supple- 
menting the  lower  routes,  made  a  trail  nearly  the 
whole  length  of  the  province. 

As  a  Quaker  refuge.  West  Jersey  never  attained 
the  success  of  Pennsylvania.  The  political  disturb- 
ances and  the  continually  threatened  loss  of  self- 
government  in  both  the  Jerseys  were  a  serious 
deterrent  to  Quakers  who,  above  all  else,  priaed 
rights  which  they  found  far  better  secured  m 
Pennsylvania.  In  1702,  when  the  two  Jerseys 
were  united  into  one  colony  under  a  government 
appointed  by  the  Crown,  those  rights  were  more 
restricted  than  ever  and  all  hopes  of  West  Jersey 


TOE  BEGINNINGS  OF  NEW  JERSEY  WI 
hecovmg  a  cokmy  under  complete  Quaker  control 
were  ab.tt«d.  Under  Governor  Comburj-.  the 
awhri,  law  w«,  adopted  and  enforced,  and  the 
Qoaker,  were  diqualffied  from  testifying  in  court 
^  they  took  an  oath  and  were  prohibited 
from  servmg  «  j^,  „  ^.^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^ 

trwt  Combury's  judges  wore  scarlet  robes. 
powdered  wigs,  cocked  hats,  gold  l«;e.  and  side 
awns;  they  were  conducted  to  the  courthouse  by 
the  shenfl's  cavalcade  and  opened  court  with  great 
parade  and  ceremony.  Such  a  spectacle  of  pomp 
was  sufficient  to  divert  the  flow  of  Quaker  im- 
migrants  to  Pemisylvania.  where  the  govermnent 
was  entirely  in  Quaker  hands  and  where  plain 
and  serious  ways  gave  promise  of  enduring  and 
unmolested  prosperity. 

The  Quakers  had  altogether  thirty  meeting 
houses  m  West  Jersey  and  eleven  in  East  JersT 
whidi  probably  shows  about  the  p«,portion  of 
Quaker  mfluence  in  the  two  Jerseys.  Many  of 
them  have  since  disappeared;  some  of  the  early 
buddings,  to  judge  from  the  pictures,  were  of  wood 
and  not  particularly  pleasing  in  appearance.  They 
were  makeshifts,  usually  intended  to  be  replaced  by 
better  buildings.  Some  substantial  brick  buildings 
of  excellent  architecture  have  survived,  and  their 


1 


'4( 


in  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

plainneM  and  simplicity,  combined  with  excellent 
proportions  and  thorough  construction,  are  clearly 
indicative  of  Quaker  character.  There  is  a  particu- 
larly interesting  one  in  Salem  with  a  magnificent 
old  oak  beside  it,  another  in  the  village  of  Green- 
wich on  the  Cohansey  farther  south,  and  another 
at  Crosswicks  near  Trenton. 

In  West  Jersey  near  Mount  Holly  was  bora  and 
lived  John  Woolman,  a  Quaker  who  became  emi- 
nent throughout  the  English  speaking  world  for 
the  simplicity  and  loftiness  of  his  religious  thought 
as  well  as  for  his  admirable  style  of  eicpression. 
His  Journal,  once;  greatly  and  even  extravagantly 
admired,  still  finds  readers.    "Get  the  writings 
of  John  Woolman  by  heart,"  said  Charles  Lamb, 
"and  love  the  early  Quakers."    He  was  among 
the  Quakers  one  of  the  first  and  perhaps  the  first 
really  earnest  advocate  of  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
The  scenes  of  West  Jersey  and  the  writings  of 
Woolman  seem  to  belong  together.    Possibly  a 
feeling  for  the  simplicity  of  those  scenes  and  their 
life  led  Walt  Whitman,  who  grew  up  on  Lwig 
Island  under  Quaker  influence,  to  spend  his  last 
years  at  Camden,  in  West  Jersey.    His  profound 
democracy,  which  was  very  Quaker-like,  was  more 
at  home  there  perhaps  than  anywhere  else. 


r' 


OUPTER  IX 

riMrmm  amd  tradbiw  or  souraBBN  ««»„ 

Most  of  the  colonie.  in  Americ.  especially  the 
tTtmger  ones.  h«i «  .rfrtocraUc  cla«.  which  w« 
«t«.  large  «,d  powerful,  m  i„  the  case  of  Viiginia. 
and  which  usually  centered  around  the  governor 
MpemUy  ,f  he  were  appointed  from  England  by 
the  Qown  or  by  a  proprietor.  But  there  was 
v«y  httle  of  this  social  distinction  in  New  Je«ey 

Z  ^  I^"!'  '""  ^'^^^^  -nuch  b«,ken  up.' 
and  she  had  been  too  long  dependent  on  the  gov- 
ernors of  New  York  to  have  any  of  those  pretty 
htOe  ar^tocrades  with  bright  colored  clothes,  and 
coaches  and  four,  flourishing  within  her  bound- 
aries.   There  seems  to  have  been  a  faint  sugges- 
tion of  such  social  pretensions  under  Governor 
S^lin  just  before  the  Revolution.    He  was 
begmnmg  to  live  down  the  objections  to  his  ille- 
gitimate birth  and  Toryism  and  by  his  entertain- 
ments and  mamier  of  living  was  creating  a  sociaJ 

123 


^W 


^ 


M] 


!'. 


U4  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

fdlowing.  There  it  laid  «1m  to  have  been  tome- 
thiof  a  littie  like  the  beginning  of  an  ariatocracy 
among  the  dacendants  of  the  Dutch  wttlen  who 
bad  ancettral  hddings  near  the  Hudson;  but  thi< 
amounted  to  very  little. 

Clau  distinctions  were  not  so  strongly  marked 
in  New  Jersey  as  in  some  other  cokmies.  then 
grew  up  in  southern  Jersey,  however,  a  sort  of 
aristocracy  of  gentlemen  farmers,  who  owned 
huge  tracts  of  land  and  lived  in  not  a  little  style 
in  good  houses  on  the  small  streams. 

The  northern  part  o^  the  province,  largely  settled 
and  influenced  byiNew  Englanders,  was  like  New 
England  a  land  of  vigorous  concentrated  town  life 
and  small  farms.  Hie  hilly  and  mountainous  nature 
of  the  northern  section  naturally  led  to  small  hold- 
ings of  land.  But  in  southern  Jersey  the  level  sandy 
tracts  of  forest  were  often  takt-^n  up  in  large  areas. 
In  the  absence  of  manufactuiing,  large  acreage 
naturally  became,  as  in  Virgmia  and  Maryland, 
the  only  mark  of  wealth  and  social  distinction. 
The  great  landlord  was  looked  up  to  by  the  lesser 
fry.  The  Quaker  rule  of  discountenancing  marry- 
ing out  of  meeting  tended  to  keep  a  large  acreage 
in  the  family  and  to  make  it  laiger  by  marriage. 
A  Quaker  of  broad  acres  would  seek  for  his  daughter 


"•ANTEBS  AND  TRAOEB8  im 

•  J^  nun  of  «K>U,erkndholdingQudter  family 
•ndwouJdthu.  join  the  two  estate.. 

There  wm  •  mwlted  difference  between  Eut 
Jer.^  and  Wert  Jeney  i„  county  oqpuu^ition. 
In   We.t  Jeriey  the  people  tended   to  become 
Ptanters;  then- fam.  „d  planUtion.  aomewhat 
ae  those  of  the  far  South;  and  the  political  unit 
erf  government  wa,  the  county.    In  East  Je»ey 
the  town  wa»  the  starting  point  and  the  county 
marked  the  boundarie.  of  a  collection  of  town.. 
Th«  cunou.  difference,  the  result  of  «,il.  dimate. 
and  method,  of  life.  .how.  it«,lf  in  other  SUte. 
wherever  South  and  North  meet.    IlKnoi.  i.  „ 
example,  where  the  wuthem  part  of  the  State  i. 
governed  by  the  county  .y.tem.  and  the  northern 
part  by  the  town  system. 

The  lumberman,  too.  in  clearing  off  the  prime- 
val fore.t  and  «Uling  the  timber,  uaually  dealt  in 
immense  acreage.  Some  families,  it  i.  «,id.  can 
be  traced  steadily  proceeding  wuthward  as  tiiey 
Stepped  off  the  forest,  and  started  sawmills  and 
gnstmill.  on  the  littie  streams  that  trickled  ftom 
the  swamps,  and  like  beavers  making  witi,  Uieir 
dam.  thow  pretty  pond,  which  modem  love,,  of 
the  picture«,ue  are  now  w  eager  to  find.  A  good 
deal  of  Uie  lumbering  in  the  interior  pine,  tract 


:.4 


,»■»■ 


* 


* 


itaoctm  »EsoiUTiON  tbt  cha«t 

( »NSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No.  2) 


^1^1^ 


^  APPLIED  IM/1GE    In 

^S>^  1653  Eoit  Main  Slraat 

■— '^S  Rochester.  N«>  York        14609       USA 

■-asa;  ("6)  *82  -  0300  -  Phon« 

^=  (716)  289  -  5909  -  Fan 


r 


M«  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

was  carried  on  by  persons  who  leased  the  premises 
from  owners  who  lived  on  plantations  along  the 
Delaware  or  its  tributary  streams.  These  opera- 
tions began  soon  after  1700.  Wood  roads  were 
cut  into  the  Pines,  sawmills  were  started,  and  co 
stant  use  turned  some  of  these  wood  roads  into  tht 
highways  of  modem  times. 

There  was  a  speculative  tinge  in  the  operations 
of  this  landed  aristocracy.    Like  the  old  tobacco 
raising  aristocracy  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  they 
were  inclined  to  go  from  tract  to  tract,  skinning 
what  they  could  from  a  piece  of  deforested  land 
and  then  seeking  another  virgin  tract.     The  rough- 
est methods  were  used;  wooden  plows,  brush  har- 
rows, straw  collars,  grapevine  harness,  and  poor 
shelter  for  animals  and  crops;  but  were  the  Vir- 
ginia methods  any  better?    In  these  operations 
there  was  apparently  a  good  deal  of  sudden  profit 
and  mushroom  prosperity  accompanied  by  a  good 
deal  of  debt  and  insolvency.     In  this,  too,  they 
were  like  the  Virginians  and  Carolinians.     There 
seem  to  have  been  also  a  good  many  slaves  in  West 
Jersey,  brought,  as  in  the  southern  colonies,  to 
work  on  the  large  estates,  and  this  also,  no  doubt, 
helped  to  foster  the  aristocratic  feeling. 
The  best  days  of  the  Jersey  gentlemen  farmers 


PLANTERS  AND  TRADERS  157 

came  probably  when  they  could  no  longer  move 
from  tract  to  tract.   They  settled  down  and  enjoyed 
a  very  plentiful,  if  rude,  existence  on  the  products 
of  their  land,  game,  and  fish,  amid  a  fine  climate 
—  with  mosquitoes  enough  in  summer  to  act  aa 
a  counterirritant  and  prevent  stagnation  from  too 
much  ease  and  prosperity.    After  the  manner  of 
colonial  times,  they  wove  their  own  clothes  from 
the  wool  of  their  own  sheep  and  made  their  own 
implements,    furniture,    and    simple    machinery. 
There  are  still  to  be  found  fascinating  traces  of 
this  old  life  in  out-of-the-way  parts  of  southern 
Jersey.     To  run  upon  old  houses  among  the  Jersey 
pmes  still  stored  with  Latin  classics  and  old  edi- 
tions of  Shakespeare,  Addison,  or  Samuel  John- 
son, to  come  across  an  old  mill  with  its  machin- 
ery, cogwheels,  flywheels,  and  aU,  made  of  wood, 
to  find  people  who  make  their  own  oars,  and  the 
handles  of  their  tools  from   the  materials  fur- 
nished by  their  own  forest,  is  now  unfortunately 
a  refreshment  of  the  spirit  that  is  daily  becoming 
rarer. 

This  condition  of  material  and  social  self-suffi- 
dency  lasted  in  places  long  after  the  Revolution. 
It  was  a  curious  little  aristocracy  —  a  veiy  faint 
and  faded  one,  lacking  the  robustnef-  of  the  far 


K 


•A'l 


i'l 


168  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

southern  type,  and  lacking  indeed  the  real  essen- 
tial of  an  aristocracy,  namely  political  power. 
Moreover,  although  there  were  slaves  in  New 
Jersey,  there  were  not  enough  of  them  to  exalt 
the  Jersey  gentlemen  farmers  into  such  self-suf- 
ficient lords  and  masters  as  the  Virginian  and 
Carolinian  planters  became. 

To  search  out  the  remains  of  this  stage  of  Ameri- 
can history,  however,  takes  one  up  many  pleasant 
streams  flowing  out  of  the  forest  tract  to  the  Dela- 
ware on  one  side  or  to  the  ocean  on  the  other. 
This  topographical  formation  of  a  central  ridge  or 
watershed  of  foreit  and  swamp  was  a  repetition 
of  the  same  formation  in  the  Delaware  peninsula, 
which  like  southern  Jersey  had  originally  been 
a  shoal  and  then  an  island.  The  Jersey  water- 
shed, with  its  streams  abounding  in  wood  duck 
and  all  manner  of  wild  life,  must  have  been  in  its 
primeval  days  as  fascinating  as  some  of  the  streams 
of  the  Florida  cypress  swamps.  Toward  the  ocean. 
Wading  River,  the  MuUica,  the  Tuckahoe,  Great 
Egg;  and  on  the  Delaware  side  the  Maurice, 
Cohansey,  Salem  Creek,  Oldman's,  Raccoon,  Man- 
tua, Woodberry,  Timber,  and  the  Rancocas,  still 
possess  attraction.  Some  of  them,  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  divide,  are  not  far  apart  at  their 


PLANTERS  AND  TRADERS  149 

purees  in  the  old  forest  tract;  so  that  a  canoe  can 
be  transported  over  the  few  raOes  and  thus  traverse 
the  State.    One  of  these  trips  up  Timber  Creek 
from  the  Dehiware  and  across  only  eight  miles  of 
tend  to  the  headwaters  of  Great  Egg  Harbor 
River  aiid  thence  down  to  the  ocean,  thus  cutting 
South  Jersey  in  half,  is  a  particularly  romantic 
one      Lhe  heavy  woods  and  swamps  of  this  se- 
di-ded  route  along  these  forest  shadowed  streams 
are  apparently  very  much  as  they  were  three  hun- 
dred  years  ago. 

The  water  in  all  these  streams,  particularly  in 
their  upper  parts,  owing  to  the  sandy  soil,  is  very 
clean  and  clear  and  is  often  stained  by  the  cedar 
roots  m  the  swamps  a  clear  brown,  sometimes 
almost  an  amber  color.  One  of  the  streams,  the 
Rancocas.  with  its  many  windings  to  Mount  HoDy 
and  then  far  inland  to  Brown's  Mills,  seems  to 
be  the  favorite  with  canoemen  and  is  probably 
without  an  equal  in  its  way  for  those  who  love 
the  Indian's  gift  that  brings  us  so  close  to  nature. 

The  spread  of  the  Quaker  settlements  along 
Delaware  Bay  to  Cape  May  was  checked  by  the 
Maurice  River  and  its  marshes  and  by  the  Great 
t^ar  Swamp  which  crossed  the  country  from 


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wo  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Delaware  Bay  to  the  ocean  and  thus  made  of  the 
Cape  May  region  a  sort  of  island.  The  Cape 
May  region,  -t  is  true,  was  settled  by  Quaken, 
but  most  of  them  came  from  Long  Island  rather 
than  from  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware.  They 
had  followed  whale  fishing  on  Long  Island  and  in 
pursuit  of  that  occupation  some  of  them  had  mi- 
grated to  Cape  May  where  whales  were  numerous 
not  far  off  shore. 

The  leading  early  families  of  Cape  May.  the 
Townsends,  Stillwells,  Corsons,  Learnings,  Lud- 
lams,  Spicers.  and  Cresses,  many  of  whose  descend- 
ants still  live  thfeie,  were  Quakers  of  the  Long 
Island  strain.     The  ancestor  of  the  Townsend 
family  came  to  Cape  May  because  he  had  been 
imprisoned  and  fined  and  threatened  with  worse 
under  the  New  York  government  for  assisting 
his  fellow  Quakers  to  hold  meetings.    Probably 
the  occasional  severity  of  the  administration  of  the 
New  York  laws  against  Quakers,  which  were  the 
same  as  those  of  England,  had  as  much  to  do  as 
had  the  whales  with  the  migration  to  Cape  May. 
This  Quaker  civilization  extended  from  Cape  May 
up  as  far  as  Great  Egg  Harbor  where  the  Great 
Cedar  Swamp  joined  the  seashore.    Quaker  meet- 
ing houses  were  built  at  Cape  May,  Galloway, 


HANTERS  AND  TRADERS  m 

Tud«hoe  and  Great  Egg.    All  have  been  abw- 
dvn^and  the  buildings  themselves  have  diW 

^«c^tthatoftheCapeMaymeeting.3 
the  Old  Cedar  Meeting,  at  Seaville;  a^  it  Z 
«o  congelation.  The  building  i,  kept  in  repX 
by  members  of  the  Society  W  other  plaj"^ 
B«,des  the  Quake™.  Cape  May  included  a 
n^ber  of  New  Haven  people,  the  LnlTthom 
«me  there  as  early  as  1640  under  the  leadership 

Ir^-'" ^^T'' ""'  ''"P*"^  Turner,  seeking 
pn>^mwhak  fishing.    They  were  not  driveT^ 

1^  r'  '"^'"'  ■"  ^"PP«-«^  to  their 

companions  who  attempted  to  settle  higher  „p 

the  river  at  Salem  and  the  Schuylkill.    AbouJ 

-e-fifth  of  the  old  family  names  ^f  Cape  X 
"d  New  Haven  are  similar,  and  there  is  supposed 
to  be  not  a  httle  New  England  blood  not^ 

„  Cumb^land  and  Salem.  While  the  first  New 
fttven  whalers  came  to  Cape  May  in  1640.  it  is 
probable  that  for  a  long  time  they  only  s  .lte«^ 

the,r  vessels  there,  and  none  of  them  became 

permanent  settlers  until  about  1685 

Scandinavians  contributed  another  element  to 

the  population  of  the  Cape  May  region.     Very 

htUe  ,s  defimtely  known  about  this  settlemc^ 


r- 


rf 


.'{■■il 

i 


I       I 

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41 


a,r« 


m  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

but  the  Swedish  names  in  Cape  May  and  Cum- 
berland counties  seem  to  indicate  a  migration  of 
Scandinavians  from  Wilmington  and  Tinicum. 

Great  Egg  Harbor,  which  formed  the  northern 
part  of  the  Cape  May  settlement,  was  named  from 
the  immense  numbers  of  wild  fowl,  swans,  ducks, 
and  water  birds  that  formerly  nested  there  every 
summer  and  have  now  been  driven  to  Canada 
or  beyond.  LitUe  Egg  Harbor  farther  up  the 
coast  was  named  for  the  same  reason  as  well  as 
Egg  Island,  of  three  hundred  acres  in  Delaware 
Bay,  since  then  eaten  away  by  the  tide.  The 
people  of  the  d&trict  had  excellent  living  from 
the  eggs  as  well  as  from  the  plentiful  fowl,  fish, 
and  oysters. 

Some  farming  was  done  by  the  inhabitants  of 
Cape  May;  and  many  cattle,  marked  with  brands 
but  in  a  half  wild  state,  were  kept  out  on  the  un- 
inhabited beaches  which  have  now  become  seaside 
summer  cities.  Some  of  the  cattle  were  still  run- 
ning wild  on  the  beaches  down  to  the  time  of  the 
Civil  War.  The  settlers  "mined"  the  valuable 
white  cedar  from  the  swamps  for  shingles  and 
boards,  leaving  great  "pool  holes"  in  the  swamps 
which  even  today  sometimes  trap  the  unwary 
sportsman.    The    women    knitted    innumerable 


PUNTEHS  AND  TRADERS  les 

from  the  clam  and  oyster  shells,  an  iniportant 
mean,  of  exchange  in  the  Indian  trade  all  ^^l 
coon.es.  and  even  to  some  extent  amonT  he 
coloms^  themselves.    The  Cape  May  peoZuS 
s^ps  for  carrying  the  white  cedar.TmLe^ 
oysters,  and  wampum  to  the  outside  world.    They 
«^d  a  great  deal  of  their  cedar  in  Long  Island! 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.    Philadelphia  fi 
n^y  became  thej  market  for  oysters  and  Lo  for 
lumber  corn,  and  the  whalebone  and  oil.    Their 

loops  also  traded  to  thesouthemcoloniesandevi; 
to  the  West  Indies. 

thJ^r    ''T.   ""  ^t^'e^ting  little  commm,ity. 

n  on^r  '  ""'''•'•  ^"^  ^'"^^^  -'•  «'«Pend- 
ent  on  he  water  and  on  their  boats,  for  they  were 
completely  cut  off  by  the  Great  Cedar  LZl 
which  stretched  a«oss  the  point  and  sepa^S 
themfromtherestofthecoast.  This  troublesome 
wamp  was  not  bridged  for  many  years;  and  evTn 
then  the  roads  to  it  were  long.  slow,  and  too 
««ndy  for  transporting  anything  of  much  bl 

Next  above  Cape  May  on  the  coast  was  another 
plated  patch  of  civilization  which,  while  not  a! 

Great  Egg  Harbor  with  its  river  and  marshes,  anj 


^..; 


i    11 


1      '»■ 


I 


M^ 


h 


164  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

on  the  north  by  Little  Egg  Harbor  with  the  MuUic* 
River  and  its  marshes  extending  far  inland.  The 
people  in  this  district  also  lived  somewhat  to  them- 
selves. To  the  north  lay  the  district  which  extended 
to  Sandy  Hoolc,  also  with  its  distinct  set  of  people. 

The  people  of  the  Cape  became  in  colonial  times 
clever  traders  in  various  pursuits.  Although  in 
one  sense  they  were  as  isolated  as  i  landers,  their 
adventurous  life  on  the  sea  gave  them  breadth  of 
view.  By  their  thrift  and  in  innumerable  shrewd 
and  persutent  ways  they  amassed  competencies  and 
estates  for  their  families.  Aaron  Leaming,  for  ex- 
ample, who  died, in  1780,  left  an  estate  of  nearly 
$1,000,000.  Some  kept  diaries  which  have  become 
historically  valuable  in  showing  not  only  their  his- 
tory but  their  good  education  and  the  peculiar  cast 
of  their  mind  for  keen  trading  as  well  as  their  rigid 
economy  and  integrity. 

One  character,  Jacob  Spicer,  a  prosperous  colo- 
nial, insisted  on  having  everything  made  at  home 
by  his  sons  and  daughters  —  shoes,  clothes,  leather 
breeches,  wampum,  even  shoe  thread  —  calculating 
the  cost  of  everything  to  a  fraction  and  economiz- 
ing to  the  last  penny  of  money  and  the  last  second 
of  time.  Yet  in  the  course  of  a  year  he  used  "fifty- 
two  gallons  of  rum,  ten  of  wine,  and  two  barrels  of 


rl 


"•ANTEB8  AND  TRADERS  m 

qrder  "    AppM«,tly  in  thoM  day.  hud  labor  and 
hard  drinking  went  well  tflgether. 

The  Cape  May  people,  relying  almo.t  entin'y 
on  the  water  for  communication  and  trade,  soc  > 
took  to  piloting  vewels  in  the  DeUware  River,  and 
«ome  of  them  still  follow  thi.  occupation.    They 
abo  became  skillful  sailors  and  builders  of  small 
craft,  and  it  is  not  surprising  to  leam  that  Jacocks 
Swam  and  his  sons  introduced,  in  1811,  the  cen- 
terboard  for  keeping  flat-bo»tomed  cmft  -loser 
to  U.e  wind.    Tley  are  said  to  have  taken  out  a 
patent  for  this  invention  and  are  given  Uie  credit 
of  being  Uie  originators  of  the  idea.    3ut  tiie 
device  was  known  in  England  in  1774.  was  intro- 
duced  m  Massachusetta  in  the  same  year,  and 
may  have  been  used  long  before  by  the  Dutch 
The  need  of  it.  however,  was  no  doubt  strongly 
impressed  upon  tiie  Cape  May  people  by  the  diffi- 
culties which  Uieir  Httle  sloops  experienced  in 
seating  home  against  oonbwy  winds.    Some  of 
them,  mdeed.  spent  weeks  in  sight  of  the  Cape,  un- 
able to  make  it.  One  sloop,  ihe  Nancy,  seventy-two 
<toys  from  Demarara.  hung  off  and  on  for  forty- 
three  days  from  December  25.  1787.  to  Febru- 
aiy  6,  1788.  and  was  driven  off  fifteen  times  be- 
fore she  finally  got  into  Hereford  Inlet.   Som^  Jmes 


■I 
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IM  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

better  Miling  craft  had  to  (o  out  and  bring  in  ludi 
diitreHcd  veitek.  The  early  boati  wen  no  doubt 
badly  oonitnicted;  but  in  the  end  apprentice- 
ship to  dire  necessity  made  the  Cape  May  sailon 
masters  of  seamanship  and  the  windwaid  art.' 

Wilson,  the  naturalist,  spent  a  great  deal  of 
time  in  the  Qipe  May  region,  because  of  the  great 
variety  of  birds  to  be  found  there.  Southern 
types,  like  the  Fbrida  egret,  ventured  even  so 
far  north,  and  it  was  a  stopping  place  for  migrat- 
ing birds,  notably  woodcock,  on  their  northern 
and  southern  journeys.  Men  of  the  stone  age 
had  once  been  numerous  in  this  region,  as  the 
remains  of  village  plats  and  great  shell  heaps  bore 
witness.  It  was  a  resting  point  for  all  forms  of 
life.  That  much  traveled,  adventtirous  gentleman 
of  the  sea.  Captain  Kidd,  according  to  popular 
legend,  was  a  frequent  visitor  to  this  coast. 

In  later  times,  banning  in  1801,  the  Cape 
became  one  of  the  earliest  of  the  summer  resorts. 
The  famous  Commodore  Decatur  was  among  the 
first  distinguished  men  to  be  attracted  by  the 
simple  seaside  charm  of  the  place,  long  before  it 
was  destroyed  by  wealth  and  crowds.    Year  by 

■StcTou.  Hiilory  0/  Caf  ifay  County,  pp.  SIB,  MS;  Kdhy, 
Ameriean  KacUi  (1884),  p.  Its. 


W-ANTJJUS  AND  TRADERS  le? 

y«r  he  uied  to  mewure  and  recoid  at  one  qwt 
the  cncrowhment  of  the  lea  upon  the  bcMifa 
Where  today  the  oea  washes  and  the  steel  pie^ 
eirtends.  once  lay  cornfields.    For  a  hundred  years 
it  was  a  favorite  resting  place  for  statesmen  and 
poIiUcians  of  national  eminence.    They  traveled 
there  by  stage,  sailing  sloop,  or  their  own  wagons 
People  from  Baltimore  and  the  South  more  par- 
ticuUrly  sought  the  place  because  it  was  easily 
accessible  from  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay  by 
an  old  railroad,  long  since  abandoned,  to  New 
Castle  on  the  Delaware,  whence  sail-  or  steam- 
boats  weat  to  Cape  May.   This  avoided  the  tedious 
stage  nde  over  the  sandy  Jersey  roads.  Presidento. 
cabmet  officers,  senators,  and  congressmen  sought 
the  invigoniting  air  of  the  Cape  and  the  attrac- 
lions  of  the  old   village,  its  seafaring  life,  the 
wiling,  fishing,  and  bathing  on  the  best  beach  of 
tie  coast.    Congress  Hall,  their  favorite  hotel, 
became  famous,  and  during  a  large  part  of  the 
mneteenth  century  presidential  nominations  and 
pohcies  are  said  to  have  been  plamied  within 
Its  walla. 


';^j 


I  'i 


it 


CHAPTER  X 

SCOTCH  COVENANTBms  AND  OTHERS  IN  EAST  JERSEY 

East  Jersey  was  totally  different  in  its  topog- 
raphy from  West  Jersey.  The  northern  half  of 
the  State  is  a  region  of  mountains  and  lakes.  As 
part  of  the  original  continent  it  had  been  under  the 
ice  sheet  of  the  glacial  age  and  was  very  unlike 
the  level  sands,  swamps,  and  pine  barrens  of  West 
Jersey  which  had  arisen  as  a  shoal  and  island  from 
the  sea.  The  only  place  in  East  Jersey  where 
settlement  was  at  all  easy  was  along  the  open 
meadows  which  were  reached  by  water  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Hudson,  round  Newark  Bay,  and 
along  the  Hackensack  River. 

The  Dutch,  by  the  discoveries  of  Henry  Hudson 
in  1609,  claimed  the  whole  region  between  the 
Hudson  and  the  Delaware.  They  settled  part 
of  East  Jersey  opposite  their  headquarters  at 
New  York  and  called  it  Pavonia.  But  their  cruel 
massacre   of  some   Indians   who   sought   refuge 


SCOTCH  COVENANTERS  AND  OTHERS  160 
among  them  at  Pavonia  destroyed  the  prospects 
of  the  settlement.  The  Indians  revenged  them- 
selves by  massacring  the  Dutch  again  and  again, 
every  time  they  attempted  to  reestablish  Pavonia. 
This  kept  the  Dutch  out  of  East  Jersey  until  1660, 
when  they  succeeded  in  establishing  Bergen  be^ 
tween  Newark  Bay  and  the  Hudson. 

The  Dutch  authority  in  America  was  over- 
thrown in  1664  by  Charles  H,  who  had  already 
given  all  New  Jersey  to  his  brother  the  Duke  of 
York.    Colonel  Richard  NicoUs  commanded  the 
British  expedition  that  seized  the  Dutch  posses- 
sions; and  he  had  been  given  full  power  as  deputy 
governor  of  all  the  Duke  of  York's  vast  territory. 
Meantime  the  New  England  Puritans  seem  to 
have  kept  their  eyes  on  East  Jersey  as  a  desirable 
r^on,  and  the  moment  the  Connecticut  Puritans 
heard  of  Nicolls'  appointment,  they  applied  to  him 
for  a  grant  of  a  large  tract  of  land  on  Newark 
Bay.    In  the  next  year.  1665.  he  gave  them  another 
tract  from  the  mouth  of  the  Raritan  to  Sandy 
Hook;  Pnd  soon  the  villages  of  Shrewsbury  and 
Middletown  were  started. 

Meantime,  however,  unknown  to  Nicolls.  the 
Duke  of  York  in  England  had  given  all  of  New 
Jersey  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret. 


'» 


i    f 


■'I, 


m  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

As  has  already  been  pointed  out,  they  had  divided 
the  province  between  them,  and  East  Jersey  had 
faUen  to  Carteret,  who  sent  out,  with  some  im- 
migrants, his  relative  Philip  Carteret  as  governor. 
Governor  Carteret  was  of  course  very  much  sur- 
prised to  find  so  much  of  the  best  land  ah«ady 
occupied  by  the  excellent  and  thrifty  Yankees. 
As  a  consequence,  litigation  and  sometimes  civil 
war  over  this  unlucky  mistake  lasted  for  a  hundred 
years.    Many  of  the  Yankee  settlers  under  the 
Nicolls  grant  refused  to  pay  quitrenta  to  Carteret 
or  his  successors  and,  in  spite  of  a  commission  of 
inquiry  from  England  in  1751  and  a  chancery 
suit,  they  held  their  own  until  the  Revolution  of 
1776  extinguished  all  British  authority. 

There  was  therefore  from  the  beginning  a  strong 
New  England  tinge  in  East  Jersey  which  has  lasted 
to  this  day.  Governor  Carteret  established  a  vil- 
lage on  Newark  Bay  which  still  bears  the  name 
Elizabeth,  which  he  gave  it  in  honor  of  the  wife 
of  the  proprietor,  and  he  made  it  the  capital. 
There  were  also  immigrants  from  Scotland  and 
England.  But  Puritans  from  Long  Island  and 
New  England  continued  to  settle  round  Newark 
Bay.  By  virtue  either  of  character  or  numbers. 
New  Englanders  were  evidently  the  controlling 


SCOTCH  COVENANTERS  AND  OTHERS  I7i 
element,  for  they  esUblished  the  New  England 
system  of  town  government,  and  imposed  strict 
Connecticut  laws,  making  twelve  crimes  punish- 
able with  death.    Soon  there  were  flourishing  litUe 
villages.  Newark  and  Elizabeth,  besides  Middle- 
town  and  Shrewsbury.    The  next  year  Piscatawa 
and  Woodbridge  were  added.    Newark  and  the 
region  round  it.  including  the  Oranges,  was  setUed 
by  very  exclusive  Puritans,  or  Congregationalists. 
as  they  are  now  called,  some  thirty  families  from 
four  Connecticut  towns  -  Milford,  Guilford.  Brad- 
ford, and  New  Haven.    They  decided  that  only 
church  members  should  hold  office  and  vote. 

Governor  Carteret  ruled  the  colony  with  an 
appomtive  council  and  a  general  assembly  elected 
by  the  people,  the  typical  colomal  form  of  govern- 
ment.   His  administration  lasted  from  1665  to 
his  death  in  1682;  and  there  is  nothing  very  re- 
markable to  record  except  the  -ebellion  of  the 
New  Englanders,  especially  those  who  had  received 
then-  land  from  Nicolls.    Such  independent  Con- 
necticut people  were,  of  course,  quite  out  of  place 
in  a  proprietary  colony,  and.  when  in  1670  the 
first  collection  of  quitrents  was  attempted,  they 
broke  out  in  violent  opposition,  in  wWch  the 
settlers  of  Elizabeth  were  prominent.    In  1672 


:'i: 


p\ 


172  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

they  elected  a  revolutionary  assembly  of  their 
own  and.  in  place  of  the  deputy  governor,  ap- 
pointed as  proprietor  a  natural  son  of  Carteret. 
They  began  imprisoning  former  officers  and  con- 
fiscating estates  in  the  most  approved  rev.  iutionary 
form  and  for  a  time  had  the  whole  government  in 
their  control.  It  required  the  interference  of  the 
Duke  of  York,  of  the  proprietors,  and  of  the  British 
Crown  to  allay  the  little  tempest,  and  three  years 
were  given  in  which  to  pay  the  qmtrents. 

After  the  death  of  Sir  Geoi^e  Carteret  in  1680, 
his  province  of  East  Jersey  was  sold  to  William 
Penn  and  eleven  other  Quakers  for  the  sum  of 
£3400.    Colonies  seem  to  have  been  compara- 
tively inexpensive  luxuries  in  those  days.    A  few 
years  before,  in  1675.  Penn  and  some  other  Quak- 
ers had,  as  has  already  been  related,  gained  con- 
trol of  West  Jersey  for  the  still  smaller  sum  of 
one  thousand  pounds  and  had  established  it  as  a 
Quaker  refuge.    It  might  be  supposed  that  they 
now  had  the  same  purpose  in  view  in  East  Jersey, 
but  apparently  their  intention  was  to  create  a 
refuge  for  Presbytexians,  the  famous  Scotch  Cov- 
enanters, much  persecuted  at  that  time  under 
Charles  II,  who  was  forcing  them  to  conform  to 
the  Church  of  England. 


SCOTCH  COVENANTERS  AND  OTHERS  178 
Penn  and  his  fellow  proprieton,  of  East  Jersey 
each  chose  a  partner,  most  of  them  Scotchmen, 
two  of  whom,  the  Earl  of  Perth  and  Lord  Drum- 
mond.  were  prominent  men.    To  this  mixed  body 
of  Quakers,  other  dissenters,  and  some  Papists! 
twenty-four  proprietors  in  all.  the  Duke  of  York 
reconfirmed  by  special  patent  their  right  to  East 
Jersey.    Under  their  urging  a  few  Scotch  Cov- 
enanters began  to  arrive  and  seem  to  have  fi«t 
estabhshed  themselves  at  Perth  Amboy.  which  they 
named  from  the  Scottish  Earl  of  Perth  and  an 
Indian  word  meaning  "point."    This  settlement 
they  expected  to  become  a  great  commercial  port 

rivahngNew  York.  Curiously  enough.  Robert  Bar- 
Clay,  tne  first  governor  appointed,  was  not  only 
a  Scotchman  but  also  a  Quaker,  and  «  theolo- 
gian whose  Apology  fcr  the  True  Christian  DirinUy 
(678)  «  regarded  to  this  day  as  the  best  sUtement 
of  the  original  Quaker  doctrme.    He  remained  in 
England,  however,  and  the  deputies  whom  he  sent 
out  to  rule  the  colony  had  a  troublous  time  of  it 
That  Quaker    should  establish  a  refuge  for 
i^bytenans  seems  at  first  peculiar,  but  it  was 
m  accord  with  their  general  philanthropic  plan 
to  help  the  oppressed  and  suffering,  to  rescue 
prisoners  and  exiles,  and  especially  to  ameliorate 


'S\ 


1T4  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Uie  horrible  condition  of  people  confined  in  the 
Enghsh  dungeons  and  prison,.  Many  vivid  pic- 
tures of  how  the  Scotch  Covenanter,  were  hunted 
down  like  wild  beasts  may  be  found  in  English 
histones  and  novels.  When  their  Kve.  were  spared 
they  often  met  a  fate  worse  than  death  in  the 
loathsomedungeons  into  which  thousandsof  Quak- 
er of  that  time  were  also  thrust.    A  large  part  of 

WJham  Penn's  life  as  a  courtier  was  spent  in  rescu- 
m  prisoners,  exiles,  and  condemned  persons  of 
aM  sorts  and  not  merely  those  of  his  own  faith. 
So  the  undertaking  to  make  of  Jersey  two  colonies, 
one  a  refuge  for  9uaker«  and  the  other  a  refuge 
for  Covenanters,  was  natural  enough,  and  it  was 
a  very  broad-minded  plan  for  th^t  age. 
la  1683.  a  few  years  after  the  Quaker  control 

of  East  Jersey  began,  a  new  and  fiercer  persecution 
of  the  Covenanters  was  started  in  the  old  country 
and  shortly  afterwards  Monmouth's  insurrection 
in  England  broke  out  and  was  followed  by  a  most 
bloody  proscription  and  punishment.  Thegreatest 
efforts  were  made  to  induce  th..e  still  untouched 
to  fly  for  refuge  to  East  Jersey;  but.  strange  to 
say.  comparatively  few  of  them  came.  It  is  an- 
other  p«H>f  of  tiie  sturdiness  and  devotion  which 
has  filled  so  many  pages  of  history  and  romance 


SCOTCH  COVENANTERS  AND  OIBEHS  175 
with  their  pr«w  that  m  .  cIms  the  Coven«,le« 
remained  at  home  to  e.tabli8h  their  faith  with 
torture,  martyrdom,  and  death. 

to  1685  the  Duke  of  York  a«»nded  the  throne 
of  England  a.  James  H.  and  all  that  was  naturally 
to  be  expected  from  such  a  bigoted  despot  was 
soonreahzed.    The  persecutions  of  the  Covenant- 
«rs  grew  wo«e.    Crowded  into  prisons  to  die  of 
thirst  and  suffocation,  shot  down  on  the  high- 
ways, Ued  to  stakes  to  be  drowned  by  the  rising 
tide,  the  whole  Calvinistic  population  of  Scotland 
seemed  doomed  to  extermination.    Again  they 
were  told  of  America  as  the  only  place  where 
lehgious  liberty  was  allowed,  and  in  addition  a 
book  was  circulated  among  them  called  The  Model 
^  the  Government  qf  the  Pronnce  of  Eaet  Jersey  in 
Amenea.    These  efforts  were  partially  successful. 
More  Covenanters  came  than  before,  but  nothing 
hke  the  numbers  of  Quakers  that  flocked  to  Penn- 
sylvania.   The  whole  population  of  East  Jersey 
-  New  Englanders.  Dutch.  Scotch  Covenanters, 
and  all  -  did  not  exceed  five  thousand  and  possibly 
was  not  over  four  thousand. 

Some  French  Huguenots,  such  as  came  to  many 
of  the  English  colonies  after  the  Revocation  of  the 
Edict  of  Nantes  of  1685,  were  added  to  the  East 


:H' 


I' 


4. 1 


176  THE  QUAKEB  COLONIES 

Jersey  population.    A  few  went  to  Salem  in  Wert 
Jersey,  and  gome  of  thew  became  Quakers.    In 
both  the  Jerseys,  as  elsewhere,  they  became  promi- 
nent and  influential  in  all  spheres  of  life.    There 
was  a  decided  Dutch  influence,  it  is  said,  in  the 
part  nearest  New  York,  emanating  from  the  Ber- 
pn  settlement  in  which  the  Dutch  had  succeeded 
m  establishing  themselves  in  1660  after  the  Indians 
had  twice  driven  them  from  Pavoma.    Many  de- 
scendants of  Dutch  families  are  still  found  in 
that  region.    Many  Dutch  characteristics  were 
to  be  found  in  that  region  throughout  colonial 
Umia.    Many  of  ^he  houses  had  Dutch  stoops  or 
porches  at  the  door,  with  seats  where  the  family 
and  visitors  sat  on  summer  evenings  to  smoke  and 
»Bss,p.     Long  Dutch  spoute  extended  out  from 
the  eaves  to  discharge  the  rain  water  into  the 
street.    But  the  prevailing  tone  of  East  Jersey 
seems  to  have  been  set  by  the  Scotch  Presbyterians 
and  the  New  England  Congregationalists.    The 
College  of  New  Jersey,  afterward  known  as  Prince- 
ton, established  in  1747.  was  the  result  of  a  move- 
ment among  the  Presbyterians  of  East  Jerspv  and 
New  York. 

All  these  elements  of  East  Jersey.  Scotch  Cov- 
enant Ts,  Connecticut  Puritans,  Huguenots,  and 


SCOTCH  00VBNANTEB8  AND  OTHERS  m 
Dutch  ^  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church,  were  in  . 
aenae  different  but  in  reality  very  much  in  accord 
and  co^nial  in  their  ideas  of  reUgion  and  poli- 
tics.   They  were  all  sturdy,  freedom-loving  Prot- 
estants, and  they  set  the  tone  that  prevails  in 
East  Jersey  to  this  day.    Their  strict  discipline 
and  their  uncompromising  thrift  may  now  seem 
narrow  and  harsh;  but  it  made  them  what  they 
were;  and  it  has  left  a  legacy  of  order  and  pros- 
perity mider  which  alien  religions  and  races  are 
««««•  to  seek  protection.    In  its  foundatic  ,  the 
Wuakers  may  claim  a  share. 

The  new  King,  James  H.  was  inclined  to  reas- 
3ume  jurisdiction  and  extend  the  power  of  the 
Governor  of  New  York  over  East  Jersey  in  spite 
of  his  grant  to  Sir  George  Carteret.    In  fact,  he 
desm-d  to  put  New  England.  New  York,  and  New 
Jersey  under  one  strong  government  centered  at 
New  York,  to  abolish  their  charters,  to  extinguish 
popular  government,  and  to  make  them  all  mere 
royal  dependencies  in  pursuance  of  his  general 
poh-cy  of  establishing  an  absolute  monarchy  and 
a  papal  church  in  England. 

The  curse  of  East  Jersey's  existence  was  to  be 
always  an  appendage  of  New  York,  or  to  be  threat- 
ened with  that  condition.     The  inhabitants  now 


♦  ,» 


in 


( 


i 


in  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

l»d  to  enter  their  veMeb  and  pay  dutka  at  New 
York.  WriU  were  inued  by  order  of  the  King 
putting  both  the  Jeneyi  and  aU  New  En^and  un- 
d»  the  New  York  Governor.  Step  by  step  the 
plans  for  amalgamation  and  despotism  moved  on 
•uccessfully,  when  suddenly  the  English  Revolution 
•rf  1888  put  an  end  to  the  whde  magnificent  scheme, 
drove  the  King  into  exile,  and  pUced  William  of 
Orange  on  the  throne. 

The  proprietaries  of  both  Jersqrs  reassumed 
their  former  authority.    But  the  New  York  As- 
sembly  attempted  to  exercise  control  over  East 
Jersey  and  to  levy  duties  on  its  exporto.    Tie 
two  provinces  were  soon  on  the  eve  of  a  little 
war.    For  twelve  or  fifteen  years  East  Jetjey  was 
in  disorder,  with  seditious  meetings,  mob  rule, 
judges  and  sheriffs  attacked   while  performing 
their    duty,   the   proprietors  claiming  quitrents 
from  the  people,  the  people  resisting,  and  the 
British  Privy  Council  threatening  a  suit  to  take 
the  province  from  the  proprietors  and  make  a 
Crown  colony  of  it.    The  period  is  known  in  the 
history  of  this  colony  as  "The  Revolution."    Un- 
der  the  threat  of  the  Privy  Council  to  take  over 
the  province,  the  proprietors  of  both  East  and 
West  Jersey  surrendered  their  rights  of  political 


SCOTCH  COVENANTERS  AND  OIBEBS  17B 
jw^ent.  retaining  tbelr  ownc«hlp  ol  I«,d  «,d 
Vrilrento.  «d  the  two  Je«^.  were  united  under 
ow  government  in  1708.  It.  ,„b«quent  hi.tory 
•WMndi  another  chapter. 


h 


[:   " 


CHAPTER  XI 


THB  DMTBO  JKBBBTa 


Si 


u 


Tnii  Quaker  coloniata  grouped  round  Burlington 
and  Salem,  on  the  Delaware,  and  the  Scotch 
Covenanten  and  New  England  coloniaU  grouped 
arbond  Perth  Amboy  and  Newark,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Hudson,  made  up  the  two  Jerseys.  Neither 
colony  had  a  numerous  population,  and  the  stretch 
of  country  lying  between  them  was  during  most  of 
the  colonial  period  a  wilderness.  It  is  i  ?w  crossed 
by  the  railway  from  Trenton  to  New  York.  It  has 
always  been  a  line  of  travel  from  the  Delaware  to 
the  Hudson.  At  first  there  was  only  an  Indian 
trail  across  it,  but  after  1695  there  was  a  road,  and 
after  1738  a  stage  route. 

In  1709,  while  still  separated  by  this  wilderness, 
the  two  Jerseys  were  united  politically  by  the  pro- 
prietors voluntarily  surrendering  all  their  political 
rights  to  the  Crown.  The  political  distinction 
between  East  Jersey  and  West  Jersey  was  thus 

ISO 


I  fi 


||! 


THE  UNITED  JERSEYS  mi 

•WWiedi  thdr  exceUent  fre«  coniUtutlon.  were 
rendered  of  doubtful  autiwrity:  and  from  that 
time  to  the  Revolution  they  cowUtuted  one  colony 
under  the  control  of  a  royal  governor  appointed 
by  the  Crown. 

The  change  waa  due  to  the  uncertainty  and  an- 
noyance  caused  for  their  .eparate  govemmenU 
when  their  right  to  govern  waj  in  doubt  owing  to 
mterference  on  the  part  of  New  Yoric  and  the 
dMire  of  the  King  to  make  them  a  Crown  colony. 
The  original  grant  of  the  Duke  of  York  to  the 
proprietor.  Berkeley  and  Carteret  had  given  Utie 
to  the  wfl  but  had  been  silent  a.  to  the  right  to 
govern.    The '"  gt  proprietors  and  their  successors 
had  always  assumed  that  the  right  to  govern 
necessarily  accompanied  this  gift  of  the  huid.  Such 
a  privil««e,  however,  the  Crown  was  inclined  to 
doubt.    William  Penn  was  careful  to  avoid  this 
uncertainty  when  he  received  his  charter  for  Penn- 
^Ivania.     Profiting  by  the  sad  example  of  the 
Jerseys,  he  made  sure  that  he  was  given  both  the 
title  to  the  soil  and  the  right  to  govern. 

The  proprietors,  however,  now  surrendered  only 
their  right  to  govern  the  Jerseys  and  retained  their 
ownership  of  the  land;  and  the  people  always 
maintamed  that  they,  on  their  part,  retained  all 


■1 


I 

'  I 


f-1 

I':' 


rU 


IM  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

the  political  rights  and  privileges  which  had  been 
granted  them  by  the  proprietors.  And  these  rights 
were  important,  for  the  concessions  or  consti- 
tutions granted  by  the  proprietors  under  the  ad- 
vanced Quaker  influence  of  the  time  were  decidedly 
liberal.    The  assemblies,  as  the  legislatures  were 
called,  had  the  right  to  meet  and  adjourn  as  they 
pleased,  instead  of  having  their  meetings  and 
adjournments  dictated  by  the  governor.     This 
was  an  important  right  and  one  which  the  Crown 
and  royal  governors  were  always  trying  to  restrict 
or  destroy,  because  it  made  an  assembly  very  in- 
dependent.   This  contest  for  colonial  rights  was 
exactly  similar  to  the  struggle  of  the  English 
Parliament  for  liberty  against  the  supposed  right 
of  the  Stuart  kings  to  call  and  adjourn  Parlia- 
ment as  they  chose.    If  the  governor  could  ad- 
journ the  assembly  when  he  pleased,  he  could 
foroe  it  to  pass  any  laws  he  wanted  or  prevent 
its  passing  any  laws  at  all.     The  two  Jersey  as- 
semblies under  their  Quaker  constitutions  also 
had  the  privilege  of  making  their  own  rules  of 
procedure,  and  they  had  jurisdiction  over  taxes, 
roads,  towns,  militia,  and  all  details  of  govern- 
ment.    These  rights  of  a  l^lature  are  familiar 
enough  now  to  all.     Very   few  people  realize, 


THE  DNITED  JERSEYS  i8s 

however,  what  a  struggle  and  what  sacrifices  were 
required  to  attain  them. 

The  rest  of  New  Jersey  colonial  history  is  made 
up  chiefly  of  struggles  over  these  two  questions  — 
the  rights  of  the  proprietors  and  their  quitrents 
as  against  the  people,  and  the  rights  of  the  new 
assembly  as  against  the  Crown.    There  were  thus 
three  parties,  the  governor  and  his  adherents,  the 
proprietors  and  their  friends,  and  the  assembly 
and  the  people.    The  proprietors  had  the  best  of 
the  change,  for  they  lost  only  their  troublesome 
poHtical  power  and  retained  their  property.    They 
never,  however,  received  such  financial  returns 
from  the  property  as  the  sons  of  William  Penn 
enjoyed  from  Pennsylvania.    But  the  union  of 
the  Jerseys  seriously  curtailed  the  rights  enjoyed 
by  the  people  under  the  old  government,   and 
all  possibility  of  a  Quaker  government  in  West 
Jersey  was  ended.    It  was  this  experience  in  the 
Jerseys,  no  doubt,  that  caused  William  Penn  to 
require  so  many  safeguards  in  seUing  his  political 
rights  in  Pennsylvania  to  the  Crown  that  the  sale 
was,  fortunately  for  the  colony,  never  completed. 
The  assembly  under  the  union  met  alternately 
at  Perth  Amboy  and  at  Burlington.    Lord  Corn- 
bury,  the  first  governor,  was  also  Governor  of 


1,7 


:#i 


N' 


IV, 


* 


n 


if* ' 


hfl 


184  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

New  York,  a  humiliating  arrangement  that  led  to 
no  end  of  trouble.   The  executive  government,  the 
press,  and  the  judiciary  were  in  the  complete  con- 
trol of  the  Crown  and  the  Governor,  who  was  in- 
structed to  take  care  that  "God  Almighty  be  duly 
served  according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church  of  Enf 
land,  and  the  traffic  in  merchantable  negroes  en- 
couraged. "   Combury  contemptuously  ignored  the 
assembly's  right  to  adjourn  and  kept  adjourning 
it  till  one  was  elected  which  would  pass  the  laws 
he  wanted.    Afterwards  the  assemblies  were  less 
compliant,  and,  under  the  lead  of  two  able  men, 
Lewis  Morris  of  East  Jersey  and  Samuel  Jennings, 
a  Quaker  of  West  Jersey,  they  stood  up  for  their 
rights  and  complained  to  the  mother  country. 
But  Cornbury  went  on  fighting  them,  gr.jited 
monopolies,  established  arbitrary  fees,  prohibited 
the  proprietors  from  selling  their  lands,  prevented 
three  members  of  the  assembly  duly  elected  from 
being  sworn,  and  was  absent  in  New  York  so  much 
of  the  time  that  the  laws  went  unexecuted  and 
convicted  murderers  wandered  about  at  large.    In 
short,  he  went  through  pretty  much  the  whole 
list  of  offenses  of  a  corrupt  and  good-for-nothing 
royal  governor  of  colonial  times.  The  union  of  the 
two  colonies  consequently  seemed  to  involve  no 


fit 


W 


THE  UNITED  JERSEYS  186 

improvement  over  former  conditions.  At  last,  the 
proteste  and  appeals  of  proprietors  and  people 
prevailed,  and  Combury  was  recalled. 

Quieter  times  followed,  and  in  1738  New  Jersey 
had  the  satisfaction  of  obtaining  a  governor  all  her 
own.    The  New  York  Governor  had  always  neg- 
lected Jersey  affau-s,  was  difficult  of  access,  made 
appointments  and  administered  justice  in  the  in- 
terests of  New  York,  and  forced  Jersey  vessels  to 
pay  registration  fees  to  I,jw  York.    Amid  great 
rejoicing  over  the  change,  the  Crown  appointed 
the  popular  leader,  Lewis  Morris,  as  governor. 
But  by  a  strange  turn  of  fate,  when  once  secure  in 
power,  he  became  a  most  obstinate  upholder  of 
royal  prerogative,  worried  the  assembly  with  ad- 
journments, and,  after  Cornbury,  was  the  most 
obnoxious  of  all  the  royal  governors. 

The  governors  now  usually  made  Burlington 
their  capital  and  it  became,  on  that  account,  a 
place  of  much  show  and  interest.  The  last  colom'al 
governor  ;vas  William  Franklin,  an  illegitimate 
son  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  he  would  probably 
have  made  a  success  of  the  office  if  the  Revolu- 
tion had  not  stopped  him.  He  had  plenty  of  abili- 
ty,  affable  manners,  and  was  full  of  humor  and 
anecdote  like  his  father,  whom  he  is  said  to  have 


m 


t 


■f 


i 


,  I 


186  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Mmewhat  resembled.   He  had  combined  in  youth  a 
fondness  for  books  with  a  fondness  for  adventure, 
was  comptroUer  of  the  colonial  post  office  and  clerk 
of  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly,  served  a  couple 
of  campaigns  in  the  French  and  Indian  Wars,  went 
to  England  with  his  father  in  1767,  was  admitted  to 
the  English  Bar.  attained  some  intimacy  with  the 
Earl  of  Bute  and  Lord  Fairfax,  and  through  the  lat- 
ter obtained  the  governorship  of  New  Jersey  in  1768. 
The  people  were  at  first  much  displeased  at  his  ap- 
pointment and  never  entirely  got  over  his  illegiti- 
mate birth  and  his  turning  from  Whig  to  Tory  as 
soon  as  his  appointment  was  secured.    But  he  ad- 
vanced the  inter^ts  of  the  colony  with  the  home 
government  and  favored  beneficial  legislation.    He 
had  an  attractive  wife,  and  they  entertained,  it  is 
said,  with  vicer^al  elegance,  and  started  a  fine 
model  farm  or  country  place  on  the  north  shore  of 
the  Rancocas  not  far  from  the  capital  at  Burlington. 
Franklin  was  drawing  the  province  together  and 
building  it  up  as  a  community,  but  his  extreme  loyal- 
ist principles  in  the  Revolution  destroyed  his  chance 
for  popularity  and  have  obscured  his  reputation. 

Though  the  population  of  New  Jersey  was  a 
mixed  one,  judged  by  the  very  distinct  religious 


THE  UNITED  JEHSEYS  187 

differences  of  colonial  times,  yet  radaUy  it  was 
thoroughly  Anglo-Saxon  and  a  good  stock  to  build 
upon.  At  the  time  of  the  Revolution  in  1776 
the  people  numbered  only  about  120.000,  indi- 
cating a  slow  growth;  but  when  the  fi«t  census 
of  the  United  States  wa»  taken,  in  1790,  they 
numbered  184,139. 

The  natural  division  of  the  SUte  into  North 
and  South  Jersey  is  marked  by  a  line  from  Trenton 
to  Jersey  City.  The  people  of  these  two  divisions 
were  quite  a*  ..istinct  -'i  early  times  as  striking  dif- 
ferences in  eivironment  and  religion  could  make 
tiem.  Even  in  the  inevitable  merging  of  modem 
hfe  the  two  regions  are  still  distinct  sociaUy,  eco- 
nomically, and  intellectually.  Along  the  dividing 
line  the  two  types  of  the  population,  of  course, 
merged  and  here  was  produced  and  is  still  to  be 
found  the  Jerseyman  of  the  composite  type. 

Trenton,  the  capital  of  the  State,  is  very  properly 
in  the  dividing  belt.  It  was  named  after  William 
Trent,  a  Philadelphia  merchant  who  had  been 
speaker  of  the  Pennsylvania  Assembly  and  who 
became  chief  justice  of  New  Jersey.  Long  ages 
before  white  men  came  Trenton  seems  to  have 
been  a  meeting  place  and  residence  of  the  Indians 
or  preceding  races  of  stone  age  men.   Antiquarians 


4 


il 

i 


M8  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

have  estimated  that  fifty  thousand  stone  imple- 
ments  have  been  found  in  it.    As  it  was  at  the 
head  of  tidewater,  at  the  so^lled  FaUs  of  the 
Delaware,  it  was  apparently  a  center  of  travel  and 
traffic  from  other  regions.    Prom  the  top  of  the 
bluff  below  the  modem  city  of  Trenton  there  was 
easy  access  to  forests  of  chestnut,  oak,  and  pine, 
with  their  suppUes  of  game,  while  the  river  and  its' 
tributary  creeks  were  full  of  fish.   It  was  a  pleasant 
and  convenient  place  where  the  people  of  pre- 
historic times  apparently  met  and  Ungered  during 
many  centuries  without  necessarily  having  a  large 
resident  population  at  any  one  time.   Trenton  was 
so  obviously  convement  and  central  in  colonial 
tunes  that  it  was  seriously  proposed  as  a  site  for 
the  national  capital. 

Princeton  University,  though  originating,  as  we 
have  seen,  among  the  Presbyterians  of  North 
Jersey,  seems  as  a  higher  educational  institution 
for  the  whole  State  to  belong  naturaUy  in  the 
dividing  belt,  the  meeting  place  of  the  two  divi- 
sions of  the  colony.  The  college  began  its  exist- 
ence at  Elizabeth,  was  then  moved  to  Newark 
both  in  the  strongly  Presbyterian  region,  and 
finaUy.  m  1757.  was  established  at  Princeton,  a 
more  suitable  place,  it  was  thought,  because  far 


THE  UNITED  JERSEYS  m 

removed  from  the  dissipaUon  and  tempUtion  of 
towns,  and  because  it  was  in  the  center  of  the 
colony  on  the  post  road  between  Philadelphia  and 
New  York.    Though  chartered  as  the  College  of 
New  Jersey,  it  was  often  called  Nassau  Hall  at 
Princeton  or  simply  "Princeton."    In  1896  it  be- 
came known  officially  as  Princeton  University 
It  --as  a  hard  struggle  to  found  the  college  with 
lotteries  and  petty  subscriptions  here  and  there. 
But  Presbyterians  in  New  York  and  other  prov- 
inces gave  aid.    Substantial  assistance  was  also 
obtained  from  the  Presbyterians  of  England  and 
Scotland.    In  the  old  pamphlets  of  the  time  which 
have  been  preserved  the  foundew  of  the  college 
argued  that  higher  education  was  needed  not  only 
for  ministers  of  religion,  but  for  the  bench,  the  bar, 
and  the  legislature.     The  two  New  England  col- 
leges, Harvard  and  Yale,  on  the  north,  and  the 
Virginia  College  of  William  and  Mary  on  the  south. 

were  too  far  away.    There  must  be  a  college  close 
at  hand. 

At  first  most  of  the  graduates  entered  the  Pres- 
byterian ministry.  But  soon  in  the  short  time 
before  the  Revolution  there  were  produced  states- 
men such  as  Richard  Stockton  of  New  Jersey,  who 
signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  physicians 


/      1 

ft 

t 


»M  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

tuch  u  Dr.  Benjamin  Ruah  of  PhiWelphk:  mI. 
d.e«  .uch  M  "Light  Horse"  Harry  Lee  of  Vi,. 
gmia:  as  weU  as  founders  of  other  colleges,  gover- 
nor, of  States,  lawyers,  attorney-generals,  judges, 
coiWreMmen.  and  indeed  a  very  powerful  assem- 
blage  of  intellectual  lights.  Nor  should  the  names 
^  James  Madison.  Aaron  Burr,  and  Jonathan 
ii-dwards  be  omitted. 

East  Jersey  with  her  New  England  influence  at- 
tMnpted  something  like  free  public  schools.    In 
West  Jersey  the  Quakers  had  schools.    In  both 
J«»»eys.  after  1700  some  private  neighborhood 
schools  were  started,   independent   of  religious 
denommations.  '  The  West  Jersey  Quakers,  self- 
cultured  and  with  a  very  effective  cystem  of  men- 
tal ducipline  and  education  in  their  famihes  as 
weU  as  m  their  schools,  were  not  particularly  in- 
terested m  higher  education.    But  in  East  Jera^r 
as  another  evidence  of  mteUectual  awakening  in 
colonwl  times.  Queen's  College,  afterward  known 
M  Rutgers  College,  was  established  by  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  in   1766.  and  was  naturally 
placed,  near  the  old  source  of  Dutch  influence, 
at  New  Brunswick  in  the  northerly  end  of  the 
dividing  belt. 

New  Jersey  was  fortunate  in  having  no  Indian 


THE  UNITED  JERSEYS  iBl 

w«rt  in  colonial  time.,  no  frontier,  no  point  of 
hortfle  contact  with  the  French  of  Canada  or  with 
the  powerful  we»tem  tribes  of  red  men.    Lilce 
Rhode  Island  in  this  respect,  she  was  completely 
shut  in  by  the  other  colonies.  Once  or  twice  only  did 
bands  of  savages  cross  the  Delaware  and  commit 
depredations  on  Jersey  soil.  This  colony,  however, 
did  her  part  in  sending  troops  and  assistance  to  the 
others  in  the  long  French  and  Indian  wars;  but  she 
had  none  of  the  pressing  danger  and  experience  of 
other  colonies.     Her  people  were  never  drawn  to- 
gether by  a  common  danger  until  the  Revolution. 
In  Jersey  colonial  homes  there  was  not  a  single 
modem  convenience  of  %ht,  heat,  or  cooking,  and 
none  of  the  modem  amusements.    But  there  was 
plenty  of  good  living  and  simple  diversion  —  husk- 
ing bees  and  shooting  in  the  autumn,  skating  and 
sleighing  in  tVie  winter.    Meetings  and  discussions 
m  coflfeehouses  and  inns  supplied  in  those  days  the 
place  of  our  modem  books,  newspapers,  and  maga- 
zines.   Jersey  inns  were  famous  meeting  places. 
Everybody  passed  through  their  doors  —  judges, 
lawyers,  legislators,  politicians,  post  riders,  stagj 
drivers,  each  bringing  his  contribution  of  informa- 
tion and  humor,  and  the  slaves  and  rabble  stood 
round  to  pick  up  news  and  see  the  fun. 


.» 


IM  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

The  court  days  in  each  county  were  holidaya 
odebnted  with  gamea  of  quoits,  ninning,  jumping, 
feasting,  and  discussions  political  and  social.  At 
the  capital  there  was  even  style  and  extravagance. 
Governor  Belcher,  for  example,  who  lived  at  Bur- 
lington, professed  to  beHeve  that  the  Quaker  in- 
fluences of  that  town  were  not  strict  enough  in 
keeping  the  Sabbath,  so  he  drove  every  Sunday 
in  his  coach  and  four  to  Philadelphia  to  worship 
in  the  Presbyterian  Church  there  and  saw  no 
inconsistency  in  his  own  behavior. 

Almanacs  furnished  much  of  the  reading  fw  the 
masses.  The  few  newspapers  offered  litUe  except 
the  barest  chronicle  of  evenU.  The  books  of  the 
upper  classes  were  good  though  few,  and  consisted 
chiefly  of  the  classics  of  English  literature  and 
books  of  information  and  travel.  The  diaries  and 
letters  of  colonial  native  Jerseymen,  the  pamphlets 
of  the  time,  and  John  Woolman's  Journal,  all 
show  a  good  average  of  education  and  an  excellent 
use  of  the  English  language.  Samuel  Smith's 
Hittorj/  of  the  Colony  of  Nova-CtBsaria.  or  New 
Jersey,  written  and  printed  at  BurUngton  and 
published  there  in  the  year  1765,  is  written  in  a 
good  and  even  attractive  style,  with  as  intelligent 
a  grasp  of  political  events  as  any  modem  mind 


THE  UNITED  JEBSEYS  igs 

could  ahow;  the  t,pe,  {wper,  and  prewwork.  too. 
•re  escdlent.  Smith  was  born  and  educated  in 
thi..ame  New  Jeney  town.  He  became  a  member 
of  council  and  auembly.  at  one  time  waa  treasurer 
of  the  province,  and  hii  manuscript  histwiud 
coDections  were  largely  used  by  Robert  Proud  in 
his  Hittory  o/  Pentuyhania. 

The  early  houses  of  New  Jersey  were  of  heavy 
timbers  covered  with  unpainted  clapboards,  usu- 
aUy  one  story  and  a  half  high,  with  immense 
fireplaces,  which,  with  candles,  supplied  the  light. 
The  floors  were  scrubbed   hard  and  sprinkled 
with  the  plenUful  white  sand.     Carpets,  except 
the  famous  old  rag  carpets,  were  very  rare.    The 
old  wooden  houses  have  now  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared;  but  many  of  the  brick  houses  which 
succeeded  them  are  still  preserved.    They  are 
of  simple  well-proportioned  architecture,  of  a  dis- 
tinctive type,  less  luxuriant,  massive,  and  exuber- 
ant than  those  across  the  river  in  Pennsylvania, 
although  both  evidently  derived  from  the  Christo- 
pher Wren  school.    The  old  Jersey  homes  seem  to 
reflect  with  great  exactness  the  simple  feeling  of 
the  people  and  to  be  one  expression  of  the  spirit 
of  Jersey  democracy. 
There  were  no  important  seats  of  commerce  in 


» 


r' 


r' 


IM  IBB  QUAKER  COLONIES 

thii  province.  EiporU  of  wheat,  provUoni,  uid 
himber  went  to  PhiladdpliM  or  New  YoA,  which 
were  near  and  convenient.  The  Jetaey  ■l.orea 
near  the  mouth  of  the  HudMm  and  along  the 
Delaware,  aa  at  Camden,  preaented  opp<wtunittM 
for  porta,  but  the  proximity  to  the  two  dominat- 
ing porta  prevented  the  development  of  additicmal 
harbors  in  thia  part  of  the  coast.  It  was  not  until 
after  the  Revolution  that  Camden,  opposite  Phila- 
delphia, and  Jersey  City,  opposite  New  York,  grew 
mto  anything  like  their  present  importance. 

There  were,  however,  a  number  of  small  porta 
and  shipbuildinji  villages  in  the  Jetseya.  It  is  a 
noticeable  fact  that  in  colonial  times  and  even 
hter  there  were  very  few  Jersey  towns  beyond  the 
head  of  tidewater.  The  people,  even  the  farmers, 
were  essentially  maritime.  The  province  showed 
its  natural  maritime  characteriatics,  produced 
many  sailors,  and  built  innumerable  small  vessels 
for  the  coasting  and  West  India  trade  —  sloops, 
scuoonera,  yachts,  and  sailboats,  down  to  the 
tiniest  gunning  boat  and  sneak  box.  Pertl.  \m- 
boy  was  the  principal  port  and  shipbuilding  cen- 
ter for  East  Jersey  as  Salem  was  for  West  Jersey. 
But  Burlington,  Bordentown,  Cape  May,  and 
Trenton,  and  innumerable  little  villages  up  creeks 


HIE  UNITED  JEB8E\-S  las 

•nd  dunneb  or  mere  ditchei  could  not  be  kept 
from  the  prevailing  indiwtiy.  They  built  craft 
up  to  the  limit  of  tise  that  could  be  floated  away 
in  the  water  befwe  their  very  doon.  Plentifully 
■un>Ued  with  excellent  oak  and  pine  and  with 
the  admirable  white  cedar  of  their  own  foresU, 
very  ikillful  shipwright*  grew  up  in  every  little 
hamlet. 

A  large  part  of  the  capital  used  in  Jersey  ship- 
building  is  said  to  have  come  from  Philadelphia 
and  New  York.  At  first  this  capital  sought  its 
profit  in  whaling  along  the  cout  and  afterwards 
in  the  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  which  for  a  time 
absorbed  so  much  of  the  shipping  of  all  the  colonies 
in  America.  The  inlets  and  beaches  along  the  Jer- 
sey coast  now  given  over  to  summer  resorts  were 
VI  used  for  whaling  camps  or  bases,  Cape  May 
and  Tuckerton  were  started  and  maintained  by 
whaling;  and  as  late  as  1830,  it  is  said,  there  were 
•till  signs  of  the  industry  on  Long  Beach. 

Except  for  the  whaling,  the  beaches  were  un- 
inhabited —  wild  stretches  of  sand,  swarming  with 
birds  anu  wild  fowl,  without  a  lighthouse  or  life- 
saving  stotion.  In  the  Revolution,  when  the 
British  fleet  blockaded  the  Delaware  and  New 
York,  Little  Egg,  the  safest  of  the  inlets,  was  used 


I  n 


w 


196  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

for  evading  the  blockade.  Vessels  entered  there 
and  saUed  up  the  Mullica  River  to  the  head  of 
navigation,  whence  the  goods  were  distributed  by 
wagons.  To  conceal  their  vessels  when  anchored 
just  inside  an  inlet,  the  privateersmen  would  stand 
■slim  pine  trees  beside  the  masts  and  thus  very 
effectively  concealed  the  rigging  from  British 
cruisers  prowling  along  the  shore. 

Along  with  the  whaling  industry  the  risks  and 
seclusion  of  the  inlets  and  channels  developed  a 
romantic  class  of  gentlemen,  as  handy  with  mus- 
ket and  cutlass  as  with  hehn  and  sheet,  fond  of 
easy,  exciting  profits,  and  reaping  where  they  had 
not  sown.    They  would  start  legally  enough,  for 
they  began  as  privateersmen  under  legal  letters  of 
marque  in  the  wars.    But  the  step  was  a  short  one 
to  a  traffic  still  more  profitable;  and  for  a  hundred 
years  Jersey  customs  officers  are  said  to  have  issued 
documents  which  were  ostensibly  letters  of  marque 
but  which  really  abetted  a  piratical  cruise.    Piracy 
was,  however,    in   those   days  a  semilegitimate 
offense,  winked  at  by  the  authorities  all  through 
the  colonial  period;  and  respectable  people  and 
governors  and  officials  of  New  York  and  North 
Carolina,  it  is  said,  secretly  furnished  funds  for 
such  expeditions  and  were  interested  in  the  profits. 


CHAPTER  Xlf 

LITTLE  DEIAWAHE 

Delaware  was  the  first  coloay  to  be  established 
on  the  nver  that  bears  this  name.  It  went  through 
half  a  century  of  experiences  under  the  Dutch  and 
Swedes  from  1609  to  1664,  and  then  eighteen 
years  under  the  English  rule  of  the  Duke  of  York 
from  whom  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  William' 
Penn.  the  Quaker.  The  Dutch  got  into  it  by  an 
accident  and  were  regarded  by  the  English  as  in- 
terlopers. And  the  Swedes  who  followed  had  no 
better  title. 

The  whole  North  Atlantic  seaboard  was  claimed 
by  England  by  virtue  of  the  discoveries  of  the 
Cabots.  father  and  son;  but  nearly  a  hundred 
years  elapsed  before  England  took  advantage  of 
this  claim  by  starting  the  Virginia  colony  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  in  1607.  And  nearly 
a  quarter  of  a  century  more  elapsed  before  Eng- 
lishmen settled  on  the  shores  of  Massachusetts 

187 


4 


•*/. 


188  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Bay.  Those  were  the  two  points  most  accessible 
to  ships  and  most  favorable  for  settlement.  The 
middle  ground  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  re- 
gions was  not  so  easily  entered  and  remained  un- 
occupied. The  mouth  of  the  Delaware  was  full 
of  shoals  and  was  always  difficult  to  nav^ate. 
The  natural  harbor  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson 
was  excellent,  but  the  entrance  to  it  was  not  at 
first  apparent. 

Into  these  two  regions,  however,  the  Dutch 
chanced  just  after  the  English  had  effected  the 
settlement  of  Jamestown  in  Virginia.    The  Dutch 
had  employed  an  Englishman  named  Henry  Hud- 
son and  sent  him  in  1609  in  a  small  ship  called  the 
Half  Moon  to  find  a  passage  to  China  and  India 
by  way  of  the  Arctic  Ocean.    Turned  b  ck  by  the 
ice  in  the  Arctic,  he  sailed  down  the  coast  of  North 
America  and  began  exploring  the  middle  ground 
from  the  Virginia  settlement,  which  he  seems  to 
have  known  about;  and,  working  cautiously  north- 
ward along  the  coast  and  feeling  his  way  with  the 
lead  line,  he  soon  entered  Delaware  Bay.    But 
finding  it  very  difficult  of  navigation  he  departed 
and,  proceeding  in  the  same  careful  way  up  along 
the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  he  finally  entered  the 
harbor  of  New  York  and  sailed  up  the  Hudson  far 


UTTLE  DEIAWAEE  igg 

enough  to  satisfy  himself  that  it  was  not  the  desired 
course  to  China. 

Tiusexp  oration  gave  the  Dutch  their  claim  to 
the  Delaware  and  Hudson  regions.  But  though 
It  was  worthless  as  against  the  English  right  by 
ducovery  of  the  Cabots.  the  Dutch  went  ahead 
with  their  settlement,  established  their  headquar- 
t«s  and  seat  of  government  on  Manhattan  Island 
where  New  York  stands  today,  and  exereised  as 
much  jurisdiction  and  control  as  they  could  on 
the  Delaware. 

Their  explorations  of  the  Delaware,  feeling  their 
way  up  it  with  small  light  draft  vessels  among  its 
shoals  and  swift  tides,  their  travels  on  land- 
shooting  wild  turkeys  on  the  site  of  the  present 
busy  town  of   Chester -and  their  adventures 
with  the  Indians  are  fuU  of  interest.   The  immense 
quantities  of  wild  fowl  and  animal  and  bird  life 
along  the  shores  astonished  them;  but  what  most 
aroused  their  cupidity  was  the  enormous  supply 
of  furs,  especially  beaver  and  .tter,  that  could 
be  obtained  from  the  Indians.    Furs  became  their 
great,  m  fact,  their  only  interest  in  the  Delaware 
They  established  forts,  one  near  Cape  Henlopen 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  calling  it  Fort  Oplandt 
and  another  far  up  the  river  on  the  Jersey  side  at 


« 


f'l 


;V'I 


m ' 


r  I  f 


i 


aw  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

the  mouth  of  Timber  Creek,  nearly  opposite  the 
present  site  of  Philadelphia,  and  this  they  called 
Fort  Nassau.  Fort  Oplandt  was  destroyed  by  the 
Indians  and  its  people  were  massacred.  Fort 
Nassau  was  probably  occupied  only  at  intervahi. 
These  two  posts  were  built  mainly  to  assist  the  fur 
trade,  and  any  attempts  at  real  settlement  were 
slight  and  unsuccessful. 

Meantime  about  the  year  1624  the  Swedes  heard 
of  the  wonderful  opportunities  on  the  Delaware. 
The  Swedish  monarch,  GusUvus  Adolphus.  a  man 
of  broad  a.nbitions  and  energetic  mind,  heard 
about  the  Delaware  from  Willem  Usselinx,  a  mer- 
chant of  Antwerp  who  had  been  actively  interested 
in  the  formation  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Com- 
pany to  trade  in  the  Dutch  possessions  in  America. 
Having  quarreled  with  the  directors,  Usselinx  had 
withdrawn  from  the  Netherlands  and  now  offered 
his  services  to  Sweden.   The  Swedish  court,  nobles, 
and  people,  all  became  enthusiastic  about  the  pro- 
ject which  he  elaborated  for  a  great  commercial 
company  to  trade  and  colonize  in  Asia,  Africa,  and 
America.'    But  the  plan  was  dropped  because, 
soon  after  1630,  Gustavus  Adolphus  led  his  country 

J  ^SS"/"^'r '"' ';  "•  ^""^ '"  ""  ^"'«"  "■"*'  -<"«■■ 

mn  Htmncal  Attaeiahm,  vol.  ii. 


UTTLE  DELAWARE  m 

to  intervene  on  the  side  of  the  Protctents  in  the 
Thirty  Years'  War  in  Germany,  where  he  was 
killed  three  year,  later  at  the  bdtUe  of  Lutzen. 
But  the  desire  aroused  by  Usselinx  for  a  Swedish 
colonial  empire  was  revived  in  the  reign  of  Ws  in- 
fant daughter.  Christina,  by  the  celebrated  Swedish 
Chancellor,  Oxenstiema. 

An  expedition,  which  actually  reached  the  Dela- 
ware in  1638.  was  sent  out  under  another  Dutch 
renegade,  Peter  Minuit,  who  had  been  Governor 
of  New  Netherland  and  after  being  dismissed 
from  office  was  now  leading  this  Swedish  enter- 
prise to  occupy  part  of  the  territory  he  had 
formerly  governed  for  the  Dutch.  His  two  ships 
sailed  up  the  Delaware  and  with  good  judgment 
landed  at  the  present  site  of  Wilmington.  At  that 
point  a  creek  carrying  a  depth  of  over  fourteen 
feet  for  ten  miles  from  its  mouth  flowed  into  the 
Delaware.  The  Duteh  had  called  this  creek  Min- 
quas,  after  the  tribe  of  Indians;  the  Swedes  named 

Jt  the  Christinaafter  their  infant  Queen;andin  mod- 
em times  it  has  been  corrupted  into  Christiana. 
They  sailed  about  two  and  a  half  miles  through 
its  delte  marshes  to  some  rocks  which  formed  a 
natural  wharf  and  which  still  stand  today  at  the 
foot  of  Sixth  Street  in  Wilmington.    This  was  the 


m 


if. 


«0f  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Plymouth  Rock  of  Delaware.   Level  land,  marshes, 
Md  meadows  lay  along  the  Christina,  the  remains 
of  the  delU  which  the  stream  had  formed  in  the 
past.    On  the  edge  of  the  delU  or  moorland,  rocky 
hills  rose,  forming  the  edge  of  the  Piedmont,  and 
out  of  them  from  the  north  flowed  a  fine  large 
stream,  the  Brandywine,  which  fell  into  the  Chris- 
tina just  before  it  entered  the  Delaware.    Here  in 
the  delU  their  engineer  laid  out  a  town,  called 
Christinaham.  and  a  fort  behind  the  rocks  on 
which  they  had  landed.    A  cove  in  the  Christina 
made  «  snug  anchorage  for  their  ships,  out  of  the 
way  of  the  tide.  ,  They  then  bought  from  the  In- 
dians all  the  land  from   Cape  Henlopen  to  the 
Falls  of  the  Delaware  at  Trenton,  calling  it  New 
Sweden  and  the  Delaware  New  Swedeland  Stream. 
The  people  of  Delaware   have   always  regarded 
New  Sweden  as  the  beginuing  of  their  State,  and 
Peter  Minuit,  the  leader  of  this  Swedish  expedi- 
tion, always  stands  first  on  the  published  lists  of 
their  governors. 

On  their  arrival  in  the  river  in  the  spring  of  1638, 
the  Swedes  found  no  evidences  of  permanent 
Dutch  colonization.  Neither  Fort  Oplandt  nor  Fort 
Nassau  was  then  occupied.  They  always  main- 
tamed  that  the  Dutch  had  abandoned  the  river 


LTTTLE  DELAWARE  gos 

and  that  it  was  therefore  open  to  the  Swedes  for 
occupation,  especially  after  they  had  purchased 
the  Indian  title.    It  was  certainly  true  that  the 
Dutch  efforts  to  plant  colonies  in  th^t  region  had 
failed;  and  since  the  last  attempt  by  De  Vries, 
six  years  had  elapsed.    On  the  other  hand,  the 
Dutch  contended  that  they  had  in  that  time  put 
Fort  Nassau  in  repair,  although  they  had  not  oc- 
cupied it,  and  that  they  kept  a  few  persons  living 
along  the  Jersey  shore  of  the  river,  possibly  the 
remains  of  the  Nassau  colony,  to  watch  all  who 
visited  it.    These  people  had  immediately  notified 
the  Dut«h  governor  Kieft  at  New  Amsterdam  of 
the  arrival  of  the  Swedes,  and  he  promptly  issued  a 
protest  against  the  intrusion.    But  his  protest  was 
neither  very  strenuous  nor  was  it  followed  up  by 
hostile  action,  for  Sweden  and  Holland  were  on 
friendly  terms.    Sweden,  Uie  great  champion  of 
Protestant  Europe,  had  intervened  in  the  Thir- 
ty Years'  War  to  save  the  Protestants  of  Ger- 
many.   The  Dutch  had  just  finished  a  similar  des- 
perate war  of  eighty  years  for  freedom  from  the 
papal  despotism  of  Spain.     Dutch  and  Swedes 
had,  therefore,  every  reason  to  be  in  sympathy 
with  each  other. 
The  Swedes,  a  plain,  strong,  industrious  people. 


a^-J 


»4  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

aa  WilHam  Penn  aptly  called  them,  were  soon, 
however,  seriously  interfering  with  the  Dutch  fur 
trade  and  in  the  first  year,  it  is  said,  collected 
thirty  thousand  skins.     If  this  is  true,  it  is  an 
indication  of  the  immense  supply  of  fur-bearing 
animals,  especially  beaver,  available  at  that  time. 
For  the  next  twenty-five  years  Dutch  and  Swedes 
quarreled  and  sometimes  fought   over  their  re- 
spective claims.  But  it  is  significant  of  the  diflSculty 
of  retaining  a  hold  on  the  Delaware  region  that  the 
Swedish  colonists  on  theChristina  after  a  year  or  two 
regarded  themselves  as  a  failure  and  were  on  the 
point  of  abandoning  their  enterprise,  when  a  vessel 
fortunately  for  them  arrived  with  cattle,  agricul- 
tural tools,  and  immigrants.    It  is  significant  also 
that  the  immigrants,  though  in  a  Swedish  vessel 
and  under  the  Swedish  government,  were  Dutch- 
men.  They  formed  a  sort  of  separate  Dutch  colony 
under  Swedish  rule  and  settled  near  St.  George's 
andAppoquinimink.   Immigrants  apparently  were 
difficult  to  obtain  among  the  Swedes,  who  were 
not  colonizers  like  the  English. 

At  this  very  time,  in  fact.  Englishmen,  Puritans 
from  Connecticut,  were  slipping  into  the  Delaware 
region  under  the  leadership  of  Nathaniel  Turner 
and  George  Lamberton,  and  were  buying  the  land 


UTTLE  DELAWARE  mt 

from  the  Indians.   About  mty  settled  near  Salem, 
New  Jersey,  ai  d  sone  on  the  Schuylkill  in  Penn- 
sylvania, close  to  Port  Nassau  — an  outraireous 
piece  of  audacity,  said  the  Dutch,  and  an  insult 
to  their  "High  Mightinesses  and  the  noble  Direc- 
tors of  the  West  India  Co-npany. "   So  the  Schuyl- 
kill English  were  accordingly  driven  out,  and  their 
houses  were  burned.    The  Swedes  afterwards  ex- 
pelled the  English  from  Salem  and  from  the  Cohan- 
scy,  lower  down  the  Bay.    Later  the  English  were 
allowed  to  return,  but  they  seem  to  have  done  little 
except  trade  for  furs  and  beat  off  hostile  Indians. 
The  seat  of  the  Swedish  government  was  moved 
in  1643  from  the  Christina  to  Tinicum,  one  of  the 
islands  of  the  Schuylkill  delta,  with  an  excellent 
harbor  in  front  of  it  which  is  now  the  home  of  the 
yacht  clubs  of  Philadelphia.    Here  they  built  a 
fort  of  logs,  called  Port  Gothenboi^,  a  chapel  with 
a  graveyard,  and  a  mansion  house  for  the  ^,  vemor, 
and  this  remained  the  seat  of  Swedish  authority 
as  long  as  they  had  any  on  the  river.    From  here 
Governor  Printz,  a  portly  irascible  old  soldier, 
said  to  have  weighed  "upwards  of  400  pounds  and 
taken  three  drinks  at  every  meal,"  ruled  the  river. 
He  built  forts  on  the  Schuylkill  and  worried 
the  Dutch  out  of  the  fur  trade.    He  also  built  a 


i     "I 

I 


Hi 

if 


*Ni 


\i!  i 


«0«  IHB  QUASEB  OOLONIES 

fort  cdled  Ny.  Elfsborg.  irftenrwd  EUinbon,.  on 
the  Jeney  side  below  Sdem.    By  mean,  of  thi. 
fort  he  wu  able  to  conu^^d  the  entrance  to  the 
nver  and  compelled  every  Dutch  .hip  to  strike 
her  color,  and  acknowledge  the  wvereignty  of 
Sweden.    Some  he  prevented  from  going  up  the 
nver  at  all,  other,  he  allowed  to  pa«  on  payment 
of  toll  or  tnbute.    He  gav :  order,  to  destroy  every 
tradmg  house  or  fort  which  the  Dutch  had  built 
on  the  Schuylkill,  and  to  tear  down  the  coat  of 
arm.  and  msignia  which  the  Dutch  had  placed  on 
a  post  on  the  site  of  Philadelphia.    The  Swede, 
now  alBo  bought  from  the  Indian,  and  cbimed 
Uie  land  on  the  Jersey  sic,  from  Cape  May  up  to 
Raccoon  Creek,  opposite  l^e  modem  Chester 

The  best  place  to  trade  with  the  Indians  for  fun 
was  the  Schuylkill  River,  which  flowed  into  the 
Delaware  at  a  point  where  Philadelphia  was  after- 
wards built.     There  were  at  that  time  Indian  vil- 
hges  where  West  Philadelphia  now  stands.    The 
headwaters  of  streams  flowing  into  the  Schuyl- 
bU  were  only  a  short  distance  from  the  headwaters 
of  streams  flowing  into  the  Susquehanna,  sc  that 
the  valley  of  the  Schuylkill  formed  the  mitural 
highway  mto  the  interior  of  Pennsylvania.    The 
route  to  the  Ohio  River  foUowed  the  Schuylkill  for 


UnXE  DELAWARE  M7 

lome  thirty  or  forty  mile*,  turned  up  one  of  ito 
tributuiei  to  ita  wurce,  then  crotaed  the  watershed 
to  the  head  of  a  rtream  flowing  into  the  Suaque- 
hanna.  thence  to  the  JuniaU,  at  the  head  of  which 
the  trail  led  over  a  short  divide  to  the  head  of  the 
Conenuiugh,  which  flowed  into  the  Allegheny,  and 
the  Allegheny  into  the  Ohio.  Some  of  the  Swedes 
and  Dutch  appear  to  have  followed  this  route  with 
the  Indians  as  early  as  1646. 

The  Ohio  and  Allegheny  region  was  inhabited 
by  the  Black  Minquas,  so  called  from  their  custom 
of  wearing  a  black  badge  on  their  breast.  The 
Ohio,  indeed,  was  first  called  the  Black  Minquas 
River.  As  the  country  nearer  the  Delaware  was 
gradually  denuded  of  beaver,  these  Black  Minquas 
became  the  great  source  of  supply  and  carried  the 
furs,  over  the  route  described,  to  the  Schuyl- 
kill. The  White  Minquas  lived  further  east,  round 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays,  and,  though  spo- 
ken of  as  belonging  by  language  to  the  great 
Iroquois  or  Six  Nation  stock,  were  themselves  con- 
quered and  pretty  much  exterminated  by  the 
Six  Nations.  The  Black  Minquas,  believed  to  be 
the  same  as  the  Eries  of  the  Jesuit  Relations,  were 
also  practically  exterminated  by  the  Six  Nations.' 

■  Hjren,  Namii—  cf  Earit  PmntlmHa,  pp.  lOS-lOt. 


«•  TUB  QUAKXR  COLONIES 

The  fun  broii^t  down  the  SdiuylkiU  wera  de- 
podted  at  cerUin  rocki  two  or  three  milet  abon 
lU  mouth  »t  Bartnm'i  Garden*,  now  one  of  the 
city  pMk.  of  Phfladelphia.    On  thew  rock^  then 
•n  idsnd  in  the  Schuylkill,  the  Swedes  built  a  fort 
which  completdy  commanded  the  river  and  cut  the 
Dutch  off  from  the  fur  trade.    They  built  another 
fort  on  the  other  aide  of  Bartram'a  Garden*  along 
the  meadow  near  what  is  now  Gibson's  Point;  and 
Governor  PrinU  had  a  great  miU  a  couple  of  miles 
away  on  Cobb's  Creek,  where  the  old  Blue  Bell  tov- 
em  has  long  stood.   These  two  forts  protected  the 
mill  and  the  Indian  villages  in  West  Philadelphia. 
One  would  like  to  revisit  the  Delaware  of  those 
days  and  see  all  iu  wild  life  and  game,  its  islands 
and  shoals,  iU  virgin  foresto  as  they  had  grown 
up  since  the  glacial  age,  untouched  by  the  civiliaa- 
tion  of  the  white  man.     There  were  then  more 
islands  in  the  river,  the  water  was  clearer,  and 
there  were  pretty  pebble  and  sandy  beaches  now 
overlaid  by  mud  brought  down  from  vast  regions 
of  the  vaUey  no  longer  protected  by  forests  from 
the  wash  of  the  rains.    On  a  wooded  kland  below 
Salem,  long  since  cut  away  by  the  tides,  the  pirate 
Blackhead  and  his  crew  are  said  to  have  passed  a 
winter.  The  waters  of  the  river  spread  out  wide  at 


i    I 
i?" 


LITTLE  DBLAWAHB  mq 

every  hi^  tide  over  iMMhen  ind  mewlow^  turning 
them  twice  a  day  for  •  few  hours  into  lake*,  grown 
up  in  •ummer  with  red  and  yellow  flowen  and  the 
«rar-'  '  »iIdo«tf,  or  reed».taMeled  like  Indian  com. 
At  Chriitinaham,  in  the  delU  of  the  Chrirtina 
•nd  the  Brandywine,  the  tide  flowed  far  inland  to 
the  rocks  on  which  Minuif.  Swedi»h  expedition 
Unded.  leaving  one  dry  spot  called  Cherry  Island, 
a  name  still  borne  by  a  shoal  in  the  river.    Fort 
Christina,  on  the  edge  of  the  overflowed  meadow, 
with  the  rocky  promontory  of  hills  behind  it.  its 
church  and  houses,  and  a  wide  prospect  across  the 
delta  and  river,  was  a  fair  spot  in  the  old  days. 
The  Indians  came  down  the  CSiristina  m  their 
canoes  or  overland,  bringing  their  packs  of  beaver, 
otter,  and  deer  skins,  their  tobacco,  com,  and  veni- 
son to  exchange  for  the  cloth,  blankets,  tools,  and 
gaudy  trinkets  that  pleased  them.    It  must  often 
have  been  a  scene  of  strange  life  and  coloring,  and 
it  is  difficult  today  to  imagine  it  all  occurring  close 
to  the  spot  where  the  Pennsylvania  raihoad  station 
now  stands  in  Wilmington. 

When  doughty  Peter  Stuy vesant  became  Gover- 
nor of  New  Netherland,  he  determined  to  assert 
Dutch  authority  once  more  on  the  South  River,  as 
the  Dekware  was  called  in  distinction  from  the 


i'N 


no  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Hudson.  As  the  Swedes  now  controlled  it  by  their 
three  forts,  not  a  Dutch  ship  could  reach  Fort 
Nassau  without  being  held  up  at  Port  Elfsboig  or 
at  Fort  Christina  or  at  the  fort  at  Tinicum.  It 
was  a  humiliating  situation  for  the  haughty  spirit 
of  the  Dutch  governor.  To  open  the  river  to  Dutch 
commerce  again,  Stuyvesant  marched  overland  in 
1651  through  the  wilderness,  with  one  hundred  and 
twenty  men  and,  abandoning  Fort  Nassau,  built 
a  new  fort  on  a  fine  promontory  which  then  extend- 
ed far  out  into  the  river  below  Christina.  Today 
the  place  is  known  as  New  Castle;  the  Dutch  com- 
monly referred  to  it  as  Sandhoeck  or  Sand  Point; 
the  English  called  it  Grape  Vme  Point.  Stuyvesant 
named  it  Fort  Casimir. 

The  tables  were  now  turned:  the  Dutch  could 
retah'ate  upon  Swedish  shipping.  But  the  Swedes 
were  not  so  easily  to  be  dispossessed.  Three  years 
later  a  new  Swedish  governor  named  Rising  arrived 
in  the  river  with  a  number  of  immigrants  and  sol- 
diers. He  sailed  straight  up  to  Fort  Casimir,  took 
it  by  surprise,  and  ejected  the  Dutch  garrison  of 
about  a  dozen  men.  As  the  successful  coup  oc- 
curred on  Trinity  Sunday,  the  Swedes  renamed 
the  place  Fort  Trim'ty- 

The  whole  population  —  Dutch  and  Swede,  but 


LITTLE  DELAWARE  m 

in  1654  mostly  Swede  —  numbered  only  368  per- 
sons. Before  the  arrival  of  Rising  there  had  been 
only  seventy.  It  seems  a  very  small  number  about 
which  to  be  writing  history;  but  small  as  it  was 
their  "High  Mightinesses,"  as  the  government  of 
the  United  Netherlands  was  called,  were  deter- 
mined to  avenge  on  even  so  small  a  number  the 
insult  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Casimir. 

Drums,  it  is  said,  were  beaten  every  day  in  Hol- 
hnd  to  call  for  recruits  to  go  to  America.  Gun- 
ners, carpenters,  and  powder  were  collected.  A 
ship  of  war  was  sent  from  Holland,  accompanied 
by  two  other  vessels  whose  names  alone.  Great 
Chrittopher  and  King  Solomon,  should  have  been 
sufficient  to  scare  all  the  Swedes.  At  New  Am- 
sterdam, Stuyvesant  labored  night  and  day  to  fit 
out  the  expedition.  A  French  privateer  which 
happened  to  be  in  the  harbor  was  hired.  Several 
other  vessels,  in  all  seven  ships,  and  six  or  seven 
hundred  men,  with  a  chaplain  called  Megapolen- 
sis,  composed  this  mighty  armament  gathered 
together  to  drive  out  the  handful  of  poor  hard- 
working Swedes.  A  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  was 
held  and  the  Almighty  was  implored  to  bless  this 
m^ty  expedition  which.  He  was  assured,  was 
undertaken  for  "the  glory  of  His  name. " 


I; 


\\J 


m  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

It  was  the  absurdity  of  such  contrasts  as  this 
running  all  through  the  annals  of  the  Dutch  in 
America  that  inspired  Washington  Irving  to  write 
his  infinitely  humorous  HUtory  of  New  York  from 
the  Beginning  of  the  World  to  the  End  of  the  Dutch 
Dyna^,  by  "Diedrich  Knickerbocker."  It  is  dif- 
ficult for  an  Anglo-Saxon  to  take  the  Dutch  in 
America  seriously.   What  can  you  do  with  a  people 
whose  imagination  allowed  them  to  give  such  names 
to  their  ships  as  Weigh  Scales,  Spotted  Com,  and  The 
Pear  Tree  f  So  Irving  described  the  taking  of  Fort 
Casimir  in  mock  heroic  manner.    He  describes  the 
marshaling  of  the  Dutch  hosts  of  New  York  by  fam- 
ihes.  the  Van  Grolls  of  Anthony's  Nose,  the  Brinker- 
hoffs,  the  Van  Kortlandts,  the  Van  Bunschotens  of 
Nyack  and  Kakiat,  the  fighting  men  of  Wallabout, 
the  Van  PelU,  the  Suy  Dams,  the  Van  Dams,  and 
all  the  warriors  of  Hellgate  "clad  in  their  thunder- 
and-hghtning  gaberdines,"  and  lasUy  the  stand- 
ard bearers  and  bodyguards  of  Peter  Stuyvesant. 
bearing  the  great  beaver  of  the  Manhattan. 

And  now  commenced  the  horrid  din,  the  desperate 
stniKle,  the  maddening  ferocity,  the  frantic  desper- 
ation, the  confusion  and  self-abandonment  of  war. 
Dutchman  and  Swede  conuningled,  tugged,  panted,  and 
blowed.   The  heavens  were  darkened  with  a  tempest 


P«mtjilg  in  theooUeclion  of  the  Swedwh  Colomai  Society.  P^iU-' 
^Wphl^  copied  from  the  original  portrait  in  the  ckurch  .t  Bottnaryd 
S!,  t.^T'n"'  t"^""^-  8-«'"-  Thi.  copy  w«  prt^M  to' 
U.e  Society  by  Hi.  M.,e,ty.  GiuUv  V.  King  of  Sweden,  in  1910.  It 
•.the  only  portrut  of  any  Governor  of  New  Swede,  known  to  be  in 
Wtenn-.    R.prodnce.1  by  rourteay  of  Gregory  B  K    ...  I'hii.delphia 


^'n 


Ml 

I 
- 


:]''. 


I 

Allr 


f  i.iic.'i  (•■nntiii^t-!  Hs  thl- 
!■'  of  tti.-  Dutch  ill 


-hIiiIt!  V  loh'oJf  tuinMi'  >'  (i«iM%>? '  iKf  '<r,  -niii  t+ifttn'  'irfl^  iir  ^ni  htio4''*'  r ' 

Jl    .t)tt!(  in  M'ihiiit  UiifitA-l  vetiiiK)  .yl>-(iii(r8ni  •r.»'ic»'Hi*ij<fy:- 
nimtaa  lidonil  «!.■(((*  J*/,  li,  -((.nTKn;!  vn,  )o,(«i«jio{|.Yr(^4<^»/ 


.'miidiT 


eh  ill 

•die-- 

„4'ur! 

rll  ni 


idf 


^1  i- 


"V 


li 

I. 


UTTLE  DEIAWARE  sis 

or  minivef.  Bang!  went  the  gun«;  whack!  went  the 
l»oad«r<»d»:  thump!  went  the  cudgels;  crash!  went 
the  musket-itocks;  blow^  kicks,  cuffs,  scratches,  black 
^  and  Woody  noses  swelling  the  horrors  of  the  scene! 
Tliick.  thwack,  cut  and  hack,  helter-skelter,  higgledy- 
piggledy,  hurly-burly,  heads-over-heels,  rough-and- 
tumble!  Dunder  and  blixum!  swore  the  Dutchmen; 
q>I>tter  and  splutter!  cried  the  Swedes.  Storm  the 
works!  shouted  Hardkoppig  Peter.  Fire  the  mine! 
roared  stout  Risingh— Tantarar-ra-ra!  twanged  the 
trumpet  of  Antonj'  Van  Corlear;  —  until  all  voice  and 
sound  became  unintelligible,  —  grunts  of  pain,  yells  of 
fuiy,  and  shouts  of  triumph  mingUng  in  one  hideous 
ctamor.  The  earth  shook  as  if  struck  with  a  paralytic 
stroke;  trees  shrunk  aghast,  and  withered  at  the  sight; 
rocks  burrowed  in  the  ground  like  rabbits;  and  even 
Christina  creek  turned  from  its  course,  and  ran  up  a 
hill  in  breathless  terror! 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  fort  surrendered  without 
a  fight  on  September  1,  IBM.  It  was  thereupon 
christened  New  Amstel,  afterwards  New  CasUe, 
and  was  for  a  long  time  the  most  important  town 
on  the  Delaware.  This  achievement  put  the  Dutch 
in  complete  authority  over  the  Swedes  on  both 
•ides  of  the  river.  The  Swedes,  however,  were  con- 
tent, abandoned  politics,  secluded  themselves  on 
their  farms,  and  left  politics  to  the  Dutch.  Trade, 
too,  they  left  to  the  Dutch,  who,  in  their  eflfort  to 
monopolize  it,  almost  killed  it. 


J' 


M 


814  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

This  conquest  by  their  High  MighUnesses  also 
ended  the  attempto  of  the  New  Englanders,  par- 
ticularly the  people  of  New  Haven,  to  get  a  foot- 
hold  in  the  neighborhood  of  Salem,  New  Jersey, 
for  which  they  had  been  struggling  for  years.' 
They  had  dreams  of  a  great  lake  far  to  northward 
full  of  beaver  to  which  the  Delaware  would  lead 
them.    Their  efforts  to  establish  themselves  sur- 
vived in  one  or  two  names  of  places  near  Salem, 
as.  for  example,  New  England  Creek,  and  New 
England  Channel,  which  down  almost  into  our 
own  time  was  found  on  charts  marking  one  of  the 
minor  channels  qf  the  bay  along  the  Jersey  shore. 
They  continued  coming  to  the  river  in  ships  to 
trade  in  spite  of  restrictions  by  the  Dutch;  and 
some  of  them  in  later  years,  as  has  been  pointed 
out.  secured  a  foothold  on  the  Cohansey  and  in 
the  Cape  May  region,  where  their  descendants  are 
still  to  be  found. 


I  also 
par- 
foot- 
Mey, 
ears, 
irard 
lead 
sur- 
Jem, 
New 
our 
fthe 
lore, 
s  to 
and 
ited 
lin 
are 


CHAPTER  xm 

TOE  ENGLIBH  CONQUEST 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  ancestor  of  the  numer- 
ous Beekman  fanuly  in  New  York,  after  whom 
Beekman  Street  is  named,  was  for  a  time  one  of 
the  Dutch  governors  on  the  Delaware  who  after- 
wards  became  the  sheriff  of  Esopus,  New  York. 
His  successor  on  the  Delaware  had  some  thoughts 
of  removing  the  capital  down  to  Odessa  on  the 
Appoquinimink,   when   an   event   long   dreaded 
happened.    In  1664,  war  broke  out  between  Eng- 
land and  Holland,  long  rivals  in  trade  and  com- 
merce, and  all  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  New 
World  fell  an  easy  prey  to  English  conquerors. 
A  British  fleet  took  possession  of  New  Amster- 
dam, which  surrendered  without  a  struggle.    But 
when  two  British  men  of  war  under  Sir  Robert 
Carr  appeared  before  New  Amstel  on  the  Dela- 
ware, Governor  D'Hinoyossa  unwisely  resisted;  and 
his  untenable  fort  was  quickly  subdued  by  a  few 


tl8  THE  QUAKES  COLONIC 

broadsides  and  a  storming  party.  This  opposition 
gave  the  conquering  party,  according  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  times,  the  right  to  plunder;  and  it  must 
be  confessed  that  the  English  soldiers  made  full  use 
of  their  opportunity.  They  plundered  the  town 
and  confiscated  the  land  of  prominent  citizens  for 
the  benefit  of  the  officers  of  the  expedition. 

After  the  English  conquest  on  the  Delaware,  not  a 
few  of  the  Dutch  migrated  to  Maryland,  where  their 
descendants,  it  is  said,  are  still  to  be  found.    Some 
in  later  years  returned  to  the  Delaware,  whereon  the 
whole,  notwithstanding  the  early  confiscations,Eng- 
lishruleseemedtbpromisewell.  The  very  first  docu- 
ments, the  terms  of  surrender  both  on  the  Delaware 
and  on  the  Hudson,  breathed  an  air  of  Anglo-Saxon 
freedom.  Everybody  was  at  liberty  to  come  and  go 
at  will.  Hollanders  could  migrate  to  the  Delaware 
or  to  New  York  as  much  as  before.  The  Dutch  sol- 
diers in  the  country,  if  they  wished  to  remain,  were 
to  havefifty  acres  of  land  apiece.  This  generous  set- 
tlement seemed  in  striking  contrast  to  the  pinching, 
narrow  interference  with  trade  and  individual  rights, 
the  seizures  and  confiscations  for  private  gain,  all 
under  pretense  of  punishment,  bad  enough  on  the 
Delaware  but  worse  at  New    msterdam,  which  had 
characterized  the  nde  of  the  Dutch. 


THE  ENGLISH  (XmQDEST  I17 

The  Duke  of  YoA,  to  whom  Dehwuv  was 
given,  introdttoed  trial  by  jury,  settled  private 
titlei,  and  left  undisturbed  the  religion  and  local 
customs  of  the  people.    But  the  political  rule  of 
the  Duke  was  absolute  as  became  a  Stuart.    He 
arbitrarily  taxed  exports  and  imports.   Executive, 
judicial,  and  legislative  powers  were  all  vested  in 
his  deputy  governor  at  New  York  or  in  creatures 
^>pointed  and  controlled  by  him.   It  was  the  sort 
of  government  the  Duke  hoped  to  impose  upon  all 
Great  Britain  when  he  should  come  to  the  throne, 
and  he  was  trying  his  'prentice  hand  in  the  colonies. 
A  political  rebellion  against  this  despotism  was 
started  on  the  Dehtware  by  a  man  named  Konigs- 
marke,  or  the  Long  Finn,  aided  by  an  Englishman, 
Henry  Ck>leman.    They  were  captured  and  tried 
for  treason,  their  property  was  confiscated,  and 
the  Long  Finn  branded  with  the  letter  R,  and 
sold  as  a  slave  in  the  Barbados.    They  might  be 
called  the  first  martyrs  to  foreshadow  the  Eng- 
lish Revolution  of  1688  which  ended  forever  the 
despotic  reign  of  the  Stuarts. 

The  Swedes  continued  to  form  the  main  body  of 
people  on  theDelaware  under  the  regime  of  the  Duke 
of  York,  and  at  the  time  when  William  Penn  took 
possession  of  the  country  in  1682  their  settlements 


;  t' 


tlS  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

ertended  from  New  Cwtle  up  through  Chrirtina, 
Mowu«  Hook.  UpUnd  (now  Ch«tter).  I^nicma. 
Kn>««»iiW  in  the  modem  Wert  Phih«lelphl^ 
P««yunk.  WicKo.  both  in  modern  Phihdriphk. 
•nd  u  far  up  the  river  u  Piankford  and  Penny- 
PMk.  They  had  their  churehe*  at  Chrirtina.Hni. 
cum,  KingMssing,  and  Wicaco.     The  laat,  when 
abwrbed  by  Philadelphia.  wa«  a  pretty  little  ham- 
tet  on  the  river  shore,  iu  farms  belonging  to  a 
Swedish  family  called  Swanson  whose  name  is 
now  borne  by  one  of  the  city's  streets.   Across  the 
nver  in  New  Jersey,  opposite  Chester,  the  Swedes 
had  settlements  on  Raccoon  Creek  and  n>und 
Swedesboro.    These  river  settlements  constituted 
an  interesting  and  from  all  accounU  a  very  attrac- 
tive Scandinavian  community.    Their  strongest 
tend  of  union  seems  to  have  been  their  interest  in 
theu-  Lutheran  churches  on  the  river.   They  spread 
very  little  into  the  interior,  made  few  roads,  and 
hved  almost  exclusively  on  the  river  or  on  its 
navigable  Uibutaries.    One  reason  they  gave  for 
this  preference  was  that  it  was  easier  to  reach  the 
different  churches  by  boat. 

There  were  only  about  a  thousand  Swedes  along 
the  Delaware  and  possibly  five  hundred  of  Dutch 
and  mixed  blood,  together  with  a  few  English,  all 


THS  ENCUSH  CONQUEST  «» 

living  a  life  of  •bimduce  on  •  fine  river  amid 
pleasing  icenery.  with  good  supplies  of  fish  and 
gwne,  a.  fertile  soU,  and  a  wilderness  of  oppwtunity 
to  the  west  of  them.  AU  were  weU  pleased  to  be 
relieved  from  the  stagnant  despotism  of  the  Duke 
of  York  and  to  take  part  in  the  free  popular  gov- 
emment  of  William  Penn  in  Pennsylvania.  They 
became  magistrates  and  officials,  members  of  the 
councU  and  of  the  legislature.  They  soon  found 
that  all  their  avenues  of  trade  and  life  were  quick- 
ened.  They  passed  from  mere  farmers  supplying 
their  own  needs  to  expwters  of  the  producU  of 
their  farms. 

Descendants  of  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  still 
form  the  basis  of  the  population  of  Delaware.' 
There  were  some  Finns  at  Marcus  Hook,  which 
was  called  Finland;  and  it  may  be  noted  in  pass, 
ing  that  there  were  not  a  few  French  among  the 
Dutch,  as  among  the  Germaiu;  vi  Pennsylvania, 

■SweduhiBiiieiaiiglicwdMe  BOW  found  eynywhm.  GortJ^ 
JOB  Iw  beoom.  Joituon  «xl  Jurtu.  Bond  hu  b«coine  Boon- 
HoppnM,  Hoffn«m:  Kalibog,  Colaberryi  WiUer.  ?Vl»h,j  Joe. 
com.  Yoram:  Diihlbo.  Ddbcw;  Konigh,  King:  Kyn,  Kten:  ad 
won.  Then  there «Bj«.  inch  names  MWmllfiven.H.ndrickMn. 
StodhM,,  PMeraon,  M.t«n.  TiOley,  Andenon.  .nd  the  omnip«»ent 
lUmbo.  which  hmve.u«ered  little,  if  «,y.ch.nge.  Dutch  bmm.  we 
•1«>  numermn  nieh  *<  Lockerman^  Vandever.  Vin  DTks,  V«n- 
ge«l.  V,n*»nft,  Alrid*  Sutt*  V«.  Z«.dl.  Hyatt,  Cochnu,  (origi- 
naUy  Kolchnan),  Vance,  and  Blackrtone  (onginaUy  BUckenrtein* 


J 


MO  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Huguenots  who  had  fled  from  religious  persecution 
in  France.     The  name  Jaquette,  well  known  in 
Delaware,  marks  one  of  these  families,  whose  im- 
migrant ancestor  was  one  of  the  Dutch  governors. 
In  the  ten  or  dozen  generations  since  the  English 
conquest  intermarriage  has  in  many  instances 
mextncably  mixed  up  Swede,  Dutch,  and  French 
as  well  as  the  English  stock,  so  that  many  pe«ons 
with  Dutch  names  are  of  Swedish  or  French  de- 
scent and  vice  versa,  and  some  with  English  names 
like  Oldham  are  of  Dutch  descent.     There  has 
been  apparently  much  more  intermarriage  among 
the  different  nationalities  ia  the  province  and  less 
standing  aloof  than  among  the  alien  divisions  of 
Pennsylvania. 

After  the  English  conquest  some  Irish  Presby- 
terians or  Scotch-Irish  entered  Delaware.  Finally 
came  the  Quakers,  comparatively  few  in  colonial 
times  but  more  numerous  after  the  Revolution 
especiaDy  in  Wihnington  and  its  neighborhood! 
True  to  their  characteristics,  they  left  descendants 
who  have  become  the  most  prominent  and  use- 
ful  citizens  down  into  our  own  time.  At  pres- 
ent Wilmington  has  become  almost  as  distinctive 
a  Quaker  town  as  Philadelphia.  "Thee"  and 
"thou"  are  frequenUy  heard  in  the  streets,  and 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  m 

a  (urprisingly  large  proportion  of  the  people  of 
prominence  and  importance  are  Quakers  or  of  Quak- 
er  descent.  Many  of  the  neat  and  pleasant  charac- 
teristics of  the  town  are  distinctly  of  Quaker  origin; 
and  these  characteristics  are  found  wherever  Quaker 
influence  prevaib. 

Wilmington  we  founded  about  1731  by  Thomas 
Willujg,  an  Englishman,  who  had  married  into  the 
Swedish  family  of  Justison.  He  laid  out  a  few 
streets  on  his  wife's  land  on  the  hill  behind  the 
site  of  old  Fort  Christina,  in  close  imitation  of  the 
plan  of  Philadelphia,  and  from  that  lall  begin- 
ning the  present  city  grew,  and  was  at  first  called 
Willingtown.'  William  Shipley,  a  Pennsylvania 
Quaker  bom  in  England,  bought  land  in  it  in  1735, 
and  having  more  capiul  than  Willing,  pushed  the 
fortunes  of  the  town  more  rapidly.  He  probably 
had  not  a  little  to  do  with  bringing  Quakers  to 
Wilmington;  indeed,  their  first  meetings  were  held 
in  a  house  belonging  to  him  until  they  could  build 
a  meeting  house  of  their  own  in  1738. 

Both  Shipley  and  Willing  had  been  impressed 
with  the  natural  beauty  of  the  situation,  the  wide 
view  over  the  level  moorland  and  green  marsh 

■  Some  years  later  in  a  borough  charter  granted  by  Penn,  the  nam 
wii  changed  to  Wilmington  in  honor  of  the  Earl  ol  WilmingtoB. 


vl , 


'.1 


«W  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

and  across  the  broad  river  to  the  Jersey  shore,  aa 
weU  as  by  the  natural  conveniences  of  the  place 
for  trade  and  oonunerce.  Wihnington  has  ever 
since  profited  by  its  exceUent  situation,  with  the 
level  moorland  for  industry,  the  river  for  traf- 
fie.  and  the  first  terraces  or  hills  of  the  Piedmont 
for  residence;  and,  for  scenery,  the  Brandywine 
tumbling  through  rocks  and  bowlders  in  a  long 
series  of  rapids. 

The  custom  stiU  surviving  in  Wihnington  of 
punishing  certain  classes  of  criminals  by  whippmg 
appears  to  have  originated  in  the  days  of  Willing 
and  Shipley,  about  the  year  1740.  when  a  cage, 
stocks,  and  whipping-post  were  erected.     They 
were  placed  in  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the 
town,  and  there  the  culprit,  in  addition  to  his  legal 
punishment,  was  also  disciplined  at  the  discretion 
of  passers-by  with  rotten  eggs  and  other  equally 
potent  encouragements  to  reform.    These  gratui- 
tous inflictions,  not  mentioned  in  the  statute,  as 
well  as  the  public  exhibition  of  the  prisoner  were 
abolished  in  later  times  and  in  this  modified  form 
the  method  of  correction  was  extended  to  the  two 
other  counties.    Sometimes  a  cat-o'-nine-tails  was 
used,  sometimes  a  rawhide  whip,  and  sometimes 
a  switch  cut  from  a  tree.    Nowadays,  however. 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  sgs 

all  the  whipping  for  the  State  is  done  in  Wilming- 
ton,  where  all  prisoners  sentencod  to  whipping  in 
the  State  are  sent.  This  punishment  is  found  to 
be  so  efficacious  that  its  infliction  a  second  time 
on  the  same  person  is  exceedingly  rare. 

The  most  striking  relic  of  the  old  Swedish  days 
in  Wilmington  is  the  brick  and  stone  church  of 
good  proportions  and  no  small  beauty,  and  today 
one  of  the  very  ancient  relics  of  America.  It  was 
built  by  the  Swedes  in  1698  to  replace  their  old 
wooden  church,  which  was  on  the  lower  land,  and 
the  Swedish  language  was  used  in  the  services 
down  to  the  year  1800,  when  the  building  was 
turned  over  to  the  Church  of  England.  Old  Peter 
Minuit,  the  first  Swedish  „ovemor,  may  possibly 
have  been  buried  there.  The  Swedes  built  another 
pretty  chapel  —  Gloria  Dei,  as  it  was  called  —  at 
the  village  of  Wicaco,  on  the  shore  of  the  Delaware 
where  Philadelphia  afterwards  was  established. 
The  original  building  was  taken  down  in  1700,  and 
the  present  one  was  erected  on  its  site  partly  with 
materials  from  the  church  at  Tinicum.  It  re- 
mained Swedish  Lutheran  until  1831,  when,  like 
aU  the  Swedish  chapels,  it  became  the  property  of 
the  Church  of  England,  between  which  and  the 
Swedish  Lutheran  body  there  was  a  close  affinity. 


I 


41 


««  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

if  not  in  doctrine,  at  least  in  episcopal  organiw- 
tion.'  The  old  brick  church  dating  from  1740. 
on  the  main  street  of  WUmington,  is  an  interesting 
relic  of  the  colonial  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  in 
Dekware,  and  is  now  carefully  preserved  as  the 
home  of  the  Historical  Society. 

After  Delaware  had  been  eighteen  years  under 
the  Duke  of  York.  WUUam  Penn  felt  a  need  of  the 
west  side  of  the  river  all  the  way  down  to  the  sea 
to  strengthen  his  ownership  of  Pennsylvania.    He 
also  wanted  to  offset  the  ambitions  of  Lord  Balti- 
more to  extend  Maryland  northward.    Penn  ac- 
cordingly persuaded  his  friend  James,  the  Duke 
of  York,  to  give  him  a  grant  of  Delaware,  which 
Penn  thereupon  annexed  to  Pennsylvania  under 
tile  name  of  the  Territories  or  Three  Lower  Coun- 
ties.   The  tiiree  counties,  New  Castle,  Kent,  and 
Sussex.'  are  stiU  the  counties  of  Delaware,  each 
one  extending  across  the  State  and  filling  its  whole 
length  from  the  hills  of  the  Brandywine  on  the 
Pennsylvania  border  to  the  sands  of  Sussex  at 
Cape  Henlopen.    The  term  "  Teiritory  "  has  ever 
since  been  used  in  America  to  describe  an  outlying 

■  Cl»jr"i  Anjialt  qf  At  Svxda.  pp.  143,  l«»-4 

_.'.'^.?¥°i'^''.""  NewCutle.  Jone.'*«,d  Ho«ldll.«  ft 
wu  ciUed  by  tlw  Dut<;h.  or  DmJ.  »»".••  re 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  au 

province  not  yet  given  the  privileges  of  a  Stete. 
iMtead  of  townships,  the  three  Delaware  counties 
were  divided  into  "hundreds, "  an  old  Anglo-Saxon 
county  method  of  division  going  back  beyond 
the  times  of  Al&ed  the  Great.  Delaware  is  the 
only  SUte  in  the  Union  that  retains  this  name 
for  county  divisions.  The  Three  Lower  Counties 
were  allowed  to  send  representatives  to  the  Penn- 
sylvania Assembly;  and  the  Quakers  of  Delaware 
have  always  been  part  of  the  Yearly  Meeting  in 
Philadelphia. 

In  1703,  after  having  been  a  part  of  Pennsyl- 
vania for  twenty  years,  the  Three  Lower  Counties 
were  given  home  rule  and  a  legislature  of  their  own; 
but  they  remained  under  the  Governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania until  the  Revolution  of  1776.   They  then  be- 
ciune  an  entirely  separate  community  and  one  of  the 
thirteen  original  States.  Delaware  waa  the  first  SUte 
to  adopt  the  National  Constitution,  and  Rhode  Is- 
land, its  fellow  small  State,  the  last.  Having  been 
first  to  adopt  the  Constitution,  the  people  of  Dela- 
ware claim  that  on  all  national  occasions  or  ceremo- 
m'es  they  are  entitled  to  the  prvilege  of  precedence. 
They  have  every  reason  to  be  proud  of  the  represent- 
ative men  they  sent  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
and  U)  the  Senate  in  later  times. 


I 


iH 


««  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

Agriculture  has,  of  couwe,  aways  been 


the 


principal  occupation  on  the  level  fertile  land  of 
Delaware;  and  it  is  agriculture  of  a  high  class,  for 
the  soil,  especially  in  certain  locaKties.  is  particu- 
larly adapted  to  wheat,  com.  and  timothy  grass, 
as  well  as  small  fruits.  That  section  of  land  cross- 
ing the  State  In  the  region  of  Delaware  City  and 
Middleton  is  one  of  the  show  regions  in  America, 
for  crops  of  wheat  and  com.  Farther  south,  grain 
growing  is  combined  with  small  fruits  and  vege- 
tables with  a  success  seldom  attained  elsewhere. 
AgriculturaUy  there  is  no  division  of  land  of  simflar 
size  quite  equal  to  Delaware  in  fertility.  Its  sand 
and  gravel  base  with  vegeteble  mold  above  is 
somewhat  like  the  southem  Jersey  formation,  but 
it  is  more  productive  from  having  a  larger  deposit 
of  decayed  vegetation. 

The  people  of  Delaware  have,  indeed,  very  little 
land  that  is  not  tiUable.  The  problems  of  poverty, 
crowding,  great  cities,  and  excessive  wealth  in  few 
hands  are  practically  unknown  among  them.  The 
foreign  commerce  of  Wilmington  b««an  in  1740 
with  the  building  of  a  brig  named  after  tiie  town, 
and  was  continued  successfully  for  a  hundred 
years.  At  Wilmington  there  has  always  been 
a  strong  manufacturing  interest,  beginning  with 


THE  ENGLISH  CONQUEST  atj 

the  famous  colonial  flour  milk  at  the  falls  of 
the  Brandywine.  and  the  breadstuffs  industry  at 
Newport  on  the  Christina.    With  the  Brandywine 
so  admirably  suited  to  Uie  water-power  machinery 
of  those  days  and  the  Christina  deep  enough  for 
the  ships,  Wilmington  seemed  in  colonial  times  to 
possess  an  ideal  combination  of  advantages  for 
manufacturing  and  commerce.     The  flour  milU 
were  followed  in  1802  by  the  Du  Pont  Powder 
Works,  which  are  known  all  over  the  world,  and 
which  furnished  powder  for  all  American  wars 
smce  the  Revolution,  for  the  Crimean  War  fn 
Europe,  and  for  the  Allies  in  the  Great  War. 

"From  the  hills  of  Brandywine  to  the  sands 
of  Sussex"  is  an  expression  the  people  of  Dela- 
ware use  to  indicate  the  whole  length  of  their 
Mtle  State.    The  beautiful  cluster  of  hills  at  the 
northern  end   dropping   into  park-like  pastures 
atong  the  shores  of  the  rippling  Red  Clay  and 
White  Clay  creeks  which  form  the  deep  Chris- 
tina  with  its  border  of  green  reedy  marshes,  is  in 
rtnkmg  contrast  to  the  wild  waste  of  sands  at 
Cape  Henlopen.     Yet  in  one  way  the  Bnmdy- 
wine  Hills  are  ck-ely  connected  with  those  sands, 
for  from  these  very  Wlls  have  been  quarried  the 
hard  rocks  for  the  great  breakwater  at  the  Cape. 


an  THE  QUAKER  COLONIES 

behind  which  the  fleets  of  merchant  vessel*  take 
refuge  in  storms. 

The  great  sand  dunes  behind  the  lighthouse  at 
the  cape  have  their  equal  nowhere  else  on  the 
coast  Blown  by  the  ocean  winds,  the  dunes  work 
inland,  overwhelming  a  pine  forest  to  the  tree 
tops  and  filling  swamps  in  their  course.  The 
beach  is  strewn  with  every  type  of  wreckage  of 
man's  vain  attempts  to  conquer  the  sea.  The 
Life  Saving  Service  men  have  strange  tales  to  tell 
and  show  their  collections  of  coins  found  along 
the  sand.  The  old  pilots  live  snugly  in  their  neat 
houses  in  Pilot  Eow,  waiting  their  turns  to  take 
the  great  ships  up  through  the  shoals  and  sands 
which  were  so  ba£9ing  to  Henry  Hudson  and  his 
mate  one  hot  August  day  of  the  year  1609. 

The  Indians  of  the  northern  part  of  Delaware 
are  said  to  have  been  mostly  Minquas  who  Kved 
ak>ng  the  Christiana  and  Brandywine,  and  are 
supposed  to  have  had  a  fort  on  Iron  Hill.  The 
rest  of  the  State  was  inhabited  by  the  Nanticokes, 
who  extended  their  habitations  far  down  the 
peninsula,  where  a  river  is  named  after  them. 
They  were  a  division  or  clan  of  the  Delawares  or 
L«u  Lenapes.    In  the  early  days  they  gave  some 


THE  ENGUSH  CONQUEST  SW 

trouble;  but  shortly  before  the  Revolution  all  left 
the  peninsula  in  strange  and  dramatic  fashion. 
Digging  up  the  bones  of  their  dead  chiefs  in  1748, 
they  bore  them  away  to  new  abodes  in  the  Wyo- 
ming Valley  of  Pennsylvania.  Some  appear  to  have 
traveled  by  land  up  the  Delaware  to  the  Lehigh, 
which  they  followed  to  its  source  .not  far  from  the 
Wyoming  Valley.  Others  went  in  canoes,  starting 
far  down  the  peninsula  at  the  Nanticoke  River 
and  following  along  the  wild  shore  of  the  Chesa- 
peake to  the  Susquehanna,  up  which  they  went 
by  its  eastern  branch  straight  into  the  Wyoming 
Valley.  It  was  a  grand  canoe  trip  —  a  weird  pro- 
cession of  tawny,  black-haired  fellows  swinging 
their  paddles  day  after  day,  with  their  freight  of 
ancient  bones,  leaving  the  sunny  fishing  grounds 
of  the  Nanticoke  and  the  Choptank  to  seek  a 
refuge  from  the  detested  white  man  in  the  cold 
mountains  of  Pennsylvania. 


BIBUOGRAPHICAL  NOTE 

A  LAsoK  part  of  the  material  for  the  early  hiitory  of 
Fennqrlvaiiia  is  contained  of  course  in  the  writings  and 
papers  of  the  founder.  The  Life  of  Wmiam  Pmn  by 
S.  M.  Janney  (1842)  is  perhaps  the  most  trustworthy 
of  the  older  biographies  but  it  is  a  dull  book.  A  biog- 
raphy written  with  a  modem  point  of  view  is  The  True 
wmiam  Pmn  by  Sydney  G.  Fisher  (1900).  Mrs.  Col- 
quhoun  Grant,  a  descendant  of  Penn.  has  published 
a  book  with  the  title  QuaAwr  and  CouHier,  the  Life  and 
Work  of  WUliam  Penn  (1907).  The  manuscript  papers 
of  Pfenn  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylvania,  together  with  much  new  material  gath- 
ered in  England,  are  soon  to  be  published  under  the  able 
editorship  of  Albert  Cook  Myers. 

There  is  a  vast  literature  on  the  history  of  Quakerism. 
The  Journal  of  George  Fox  (1694),  Penn's  Bri^  Aceoura 
of  Ae  Rite  and  Progress  of  the  People  called  Quakers 
(169S),  and  Robert  Barclay's  Apdogy  for  the  True 
Chriaian  Div'nity  (1678)  are  of  first  importance  for  the 
study  of  the  rise  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  Among  the 
older  histories  are  J.  J.  Gumey's  Obtenation*  on  the 
Rdigiout  Peculiarities  of  the  Society  of  Friends  (1884), 
James  Bowden's  Hutory  of  the  Society  of  Friends  in 
America,  »  vols.  (1850-54),  and  S.  M.  Janney's  History 
<4  the  Religious  Society  qf  Friends,  4  vols.  (1860-67). 
CSl 


i 


««  BIBUOGBAFHICAL  NOTE 

Two  recent  lufU)riei  ate  of  freat  value:  W.  C.  Bnitli- 
iwlte,  Tin  BttimriH/t  cf  QyalitHtm  (19M)  and  Rnfui 
M.  Jonee,  Thi  Qu<Uier$  in  Ik*  Amtriean  Colmnu  (IBII). 
Among  the  older  hiHoiiet  of  Ptain'*  province  are 
The  Bx$Utry  oj  Ftntuthmtia  in  North  Amtriea,  8  voU. 
(1797-98).  written  by  Robert  Ptoud  fiom  the  Quaker 
point  of  view  and  of  great  value  beeauw  of  the  quota- 
tion* from  original  documenU  and  letters,  and  Biibtry 
ti  Ptnntyhmia  from  iu  Dimmp  by  Eurofmm*  to 
the  DtdaratioH  of  Indeptndtnei  in  177$  (1889)  by  T.  P. 
Gordon,  largely  an  epitome  of  the  debatei  of  the  Peim- 
Vlvania  Auembly  which  recorded  in  iU  minutei  b 
faacinating  old-fadiioned  EngUah  the  whole  hiatoiy  of 
the  province  fronj  year  to  year.    Ftauklin's  Biiloneal 
Rtinc  of  the  ContHtuHon  and  Ootemment  of  Penneyl- 
vaniafrom  U>  Origin  (1749)  is  a  stordiouse  <rf  informa- 
tion about  the  histoiy  of  the  province  in  the  French  and 
Indian  war*.   Much  of  the  history  of  the  province  is  to 
be  found  in  the  letters  of  Penn.  Franklin.  Logan,  and 
Uoyd,  and  in  such  collections  as  Samuel  Haaard's 
Refieter  of  Penntyltania,  16  vols.  (1888-M).  Colonial 
Reeorde,  16  vols.  (1881-58),  and  Pennsghania  Anhieet 
(1874-).    A  vast  amount  of  material  is  scattered  in 
pamphlets,  in  files  of  colonial  newspapers  Uke  the 
Penneybmia  Gazette,  in  the  publications  of  the  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Penn»ylvBnia.  and  in  the  Penn»yliania 
Maganne  cf  Hilary  and  Biography  (1877-).    Recent 
histories  of  the  province  have  been  written  by  Isaac 
Sharpkss,  Biilory  of  Quaker  Ootemmmi  in  Penmyl- 
vania,  8  vob.  (1898-99),  and  by  Sydney  G.  Fisher,  The 
Making  of  Penneyltania   (1896)   and   Penniybania, 
Colony  and  Commonwealth  (1897).   A  scholariy  Bietory 
of  Proprietary  Ootemment  in  Penneyhania  has  been 


BmUOGRAFmCAL  NOTE 


sss 


paUUxd  bx  William  R.  Shepherd  in  the  Columbia 
UnivwHty  Stuim  (ISM)  and  the  ROaHmu  of  Pemu^ 
Mnia  ipitk  iht  BrUM  OoHmmmi,  1896-1766  (1018) 
have  been  tneed  with  painaUkiiig  care  by  Wbfted 
T.  Root. 

CoDcefning  the  racial  and  rriigioui  element*  in  Penn- 
qrlvania  the  following  hooka  contribute  much  valuable 
information:  A.  B.  Fauat,  Tht  Gtrmm  Element  in  tht 
Vniltd  atalf, »  vols.  (1900);  A.  C.  Myers,  ImmigraHm 
cf  the  Irith  Quaken  inio  Pemtytbrnnia,  108e-17lk> 
(1908);  S.  W.  Pennypacker,  StUlemmi  of  Otrmantawti. 
Penntf^tmia,  and  the  Btfinnxng  ofOerman  Immitratiou 
to  North  America  (1890);  J.  F.  Sachie,  The  Oemm 
PieHele  uf  Pnrineiat  Petuuylvania,  169i-1708  (189S), 
and  The  Qermm  Seetariane  of  Penmyhania,  1708-1800, 
8  vcAb.  (18S9-I900):  L.  O.  Kuhni,  The  Oerman  and 
Swiee  Settlemente  of  Colonial  Penneybania  (1901);  H.  J. 
Ford,  The  8eoleh-Irieh  in  Arneriea  (1914);  T.  A.  Glenn. 
Uerim  in  the  WOA  Trad  (1896). 

Tht'  older  hiatoriea  of  New  Jeney,  like  those  of  Penn- 
sylvania, contain  valuable  original  material  not  found 
elsewhere.  Among  these  Samuel  Smith's  The  Hietory 
of  the  Colony  of  Nova  Ctnaria,  or  Netc  Jertey  (1763) 
should  have  first  place.  E.B.  O'Callaghan's  Hintory  of 
New  NetherUmd,  8  vols.  (1846).  and  J.  R.  Brodhead's 
Hittory  of  the  Stale  of  New  York,  8  vols.  (18SS,  1871) 
contain  also  information  about  the  Jerseys  under  Dutch 
rule.  Other  important  works  are:  W.  A.  Whitehead's 
Eaet  Jersey  under  the  Proprietary  Ooternmente  (New  Jer- 
sey Historical  Society  CMectiona,  vol.  i,  187S),  and  "The 
English  in  East  and  West  Jersey  "  in  Winsor's  Narrative 
and  Critical  Hielory  of  Ameriea,  vol.  m,  L.  Q.  C.  Elmer's 
The  ConatUulion  and  (htemment  of  the  Province  and 


«34  BIBUOGRAPHICAL  NOTE 

Slate  of  New  Jertey  (New  Jersey  Historical  Society  Col- 
fo*oi".  vols,  m  and  vn,  1849  and  187«).  Special  studies 
have  been  made  by  Austin  Scott.  Influenee  of  the  Pro- 
prirtw  in  the  Founding  of  Nea  Jeriey  (1885).  and  by 
H.  S.  Cooley,  Sivdy  of  Slavery  in  Neui  Jeriey  (1896),  both 
m  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studite;  also  by  E  P 
Tanner,  The  Province  of  New  Jersey  (1908)  and  by  E.  J.' 
Maher,  New  Jersey  a»  a  Royal  Province,  1738-1776 
(1911)  in  the  Columbia  University  Stndie,.  Several 
county  histories  yield  excellent  material  concerning  the 
Me  and  times  of  the  colonists,  notably  Isaac  Mickle's 
Hemtmecenceii  of  Old  Gloueeeter  (184S)  and  L  T 
Stevens's  The  Bittory  of  Cape  Hay  County  (1897)  which 
are  real  histories  written  in  scholarly  fashion  and  not 
to  be  confused  wi,th  the  vulgar  county  histories  gotten 
up  to  sell. 

The  Dutch  and  Swedish  occupation  of  the  lands 
bordering  on  the  Delaware  may  be  foUowed  in  the 
flowing  histories:  Benjamin  Ferris,  A  BiHory  of  the 
Oytnal  SettUmenti  of  the  Delaware  (1846);  Francis 
Vincent.  A  Bittory  of  the  State  of  Delaware  (1870);  J.  T 
&:harf,  Bittory  of  Delaware,  1609-1888,  2  vols.  (1888)- 
Kari  K.  S.  Sprinchom.  Kolonien  Nya  Sveriges  BiOorii 
(1878),  transUted  in  the  Penntyhania  Magamne  of 
HtHory  and  Biography,  vols,  vn  and  viii.  In  volume  w 
of  Wmsor's  Narrative  and  Critical  Bittory  of  America  is 
a  chapter  contributed  by  G.  B.  Keen  on  "New  Sweden, 
or  The  iwedes  on  the  DeUware."  The  most  recent 
mmute  work  on  the  subject  is  The  Swedith  Settlementi 
on  th-,  Ddaware,  i  vols.  (1911)  by  Amandus  Johnson. 


INDEX 


Aademy  of  Natural  Sdeooa 

foundnl,  60 
Adaou,  John,  on  Quaker  feaiti. 

Agriculture,  in  Pennqrlrania, 
M;  in  New  Jen^jr,  IM-W;  on 
Cgw  May.  lat;  in  Delaware, 

Albany  IVeat^  (I7M),  88 
American  PhiloMpliical  Society, 

58 
Androi,  Sir  Edmund,  Governor 

of  New  York,  184 
Anne,    Queen,    colonial    policy 

■mder,  44:  Fbm  and,  74 
Appoquinimink.  Dutch  at.  M4 
Amidneck       (Rhode    Mand), 

Quakers  in,  7 
ArAdale,   John,    Governor    of 

North  Carolina,  7 
Amutrong,  Colonel  John,  104- 

lOS 
Attiqu^.  Me  Kittanning 

Baltimore,  Lord,  11;  boundary 

diapute  with  Penn,  19,  (4,  M4 

Baptists  in  Pennsylvania,  SO 

Buday,  Sobert,  Governor  of 

East  Jersey,  I7S;  Afikm  for 

Ike   True  ChruHm   Dinnttt, 

BartMm,  John,  botanist,  47,  SS 

Bartram'a  Garden,  Swedes  build 
lortnea^.MS 

Bates.  William,  Quaker  immi- 
grant. 1S» 

Beekman,  Dutch  Governor  in 
Delaware,  tlS 


Beesley,  Skdek  ef  Cape  Uan, 

quoted,  140  (note) 
BeUnont,  country  seat  near  Phila- 
delphia, 88 
BeAeley,   Lord,   Quakers   buy 
West  Jersqr  from,  8.  181;  and 
New  Jersey,  9.  IW.  10* 
Berwyn.  Wdsh  origin  of  name. 

87 
Black  Minqua  Indiana  (Eries), 
907;  «a  OMD  Minqua  Indians 
Bhckhead.  pirate,  tOS 
BUckwell,  Captain  John,  Gov- 
«™<f  of  Poinqrlvanla,  08-00 
Blue  Anchor,  tavern  in  Phila- 
delphia, 88 
Blue  Bell  tavern.  808 
Bouquet.  Colonel  Henry,  expedi- 
tion, 108,  HI 
Bowden,  James,  Hillary  c^  Uu 
FriemU    in    Anuriea,    cited. 
» (note) 
Braddock.  General  Edward,  M; 

defeat,  87-88 
Bridgeton  (N.  J.),  148 
Bndlington,  old  name  for  Bur- 
lington (N.  J.),  136 
Bright.  John.  61 
Brinser    Brethren    in  Fennsyl- 

rania.  48 
Brown.  General  Jacob.  61, 96 
Brown's  Mills  (N.  J.),  147 
Bryn   Mawr,  Welsh  origin  of 

name.  37 
Bucks  County  (Penn.).  Quakers 

in.  M 
Budden.  Cuitain,  brings  chimes 
from  England.  30 


KS 


280 


INDEX 


Burlington  (N. }.),  M,  IM,  191. 

JM;  cmpital  of  Wat  Jmty, 
„l«3.18S;Qiuka>.t.l80 
Burr,  Aaron,  190 
Bu<h)r  Hun,  Bouquet'i  victory 

at.  III 
Bute,  Earl  of,  186 
Byilincc  Edward,  Ul,  ISf,  ]» 

Cadwalader,    Welih    name    in 

Fknnqrlvania,  38 
Cadwalader,  Thomai,  «g 
C»mden  (N.  J.),  187-88;  Walt 

Wlutman  at,  15X 
Canada,  En^iah  gain  poaaeaiion 

or,  107, 108 
Carliale(Pt!nn.),48 
Carolina!,  proprietonliip  in,  1«; 
loyal  goTemment  in.  l»-tS: 
f  alto  North  Carolina 
Carr,  Sir  Robert,  tl5 
Carteret,  Sir  Genge,'  and  New 
Jera^,  »,  Ita,  1«».70:  death 
(1080^,  17« 
Carteret,    PhiHp,    Governor    of 

EaitJeraey,  170. 171 
Cuimir,  Fort,  tio,  m 
C^ambenburg  (Penn.),  48 
Charlei  II,  and  Penn,  9,  eS; 
"eiaes    Dutch    posaeaaioni    in 
Amenca,  129,  189 
Cherry  liland,  M9 
Ch«ter  (Penn.),  name  of  Upland 
dianged  to,  18;  Penn,  at,  19; 
Swedea  aettle  near,  SOS,  218 
Chew,  Benjamin,  Chief  Juatice, 

Child,  Mra.  Maria,  Tke  VouUkfyl 

Em^nmt,lH 
Chriatma.   Swediah  aettlement, 

<18;    <M    aim    Chriitinaham 
Chutina.  Fort,  M9 
Chnatinaham,  SO*,  «09:  tee  aUo 

Chriatina 
Church  of  England  in   Penn- 

aylvania,  88,   SS-S9.   48.   ««. 

78-74,  119.  IM 
Churches,    Christ    Church    in 

Philadelphia,    SO;    in    Weat 


lm<V,  149;  Ouaker  meeting 

WMl;  mDdawar4tts-44 
a^.AnnaUtf1lu  Swdu,  dted, 
«H(note) 

CKveden,  coimtry  aeat  near  Phila- 
delphia, 38 

Coach  and  Hccaea,  Philadelpbia 
tavern,  S3 

Coale,  Joaiah,  A 

C<AiUiaey    Bridge    (Bridgeton), 

I  Coleman,  Henry,  (17 

Colling  Stephen,  entertaina  John 

AdanuiSl 
CoUinaon.  Peter,  W 
Commerce,    Fennaylvania.    25- 

Jft    28-29;    of    Cape    May, 

108 
Conestoga,     Indiana    at.     Ill; 

maaaacreat.  112 
Connecticut,  boundary  dispute 

with     Poinaylvania.     88-84; 

Cape  May  trades  with,  168 
Coopers  Perry  (Camden),  IW: 

•M  aba  Camden 
C(ve,  Edinrd,  <9 
Combury,  Edward  Hyde,  Vis- 
count, Governor  of  New  Jei^ 

sey,  181,  188-88 
Cornell,  £sra,89 
Carson  family  of  Cape  May, 

100 
Cress    famil.-    of    Cape    May, 

Cumberland,    Fort,     Braddodc 

retreats  to,  98 
Cumberland  Valley,  Scotch-Irish 

in,  48 

I>alton,  John,  89 

Dealer  BnerekiB,  origiaal  niMs 
of  Suwi  County  TOel.).  224 
(note) 

Ddaware,  Penn  eiven  control  of, 
10. 13:  auggesUon  that  Church 
of  Engfendbe  given,  39;  with- 
draws  from  Pennsylvania.  60. 
228;  Dntefa  and  Swedea  in. 


INDEX 


887 


IDT  ft  Kg.;  Engliali  oonqueat, 
ns  H  tea.;  nationalitiet  in, 
tl>-«li  bomc  rak  for,  «U; 
"hundrada,"  MS;  idopU  N«- 
tioul  Cotutitution,  tM\  agri- 
enltuK,  m;  topognphy,  txi- 
*»;  Indisiu  of,  «M;  bibli- 
ogimphy,  ji34 
Oefaiwira  Indiuu,  M,  99,  103, 
*M:  and  WalUng  FuiduM, 
87-88 
Delawan  River  navigmtion,  1(M- 

IM 
DepcUiaiu  in  Penn«ylvania,  48 
De  Vrio,  David,  103:  deacribea 

Fine  Daimu,  IM-M 
Diclcinion,  John,  farmer't  Let- 
tat,    01,    IM;   Colonel,   96: 
oppoaea  cliange  to  royal  gov- 
ernment, 120-sl 
Dninunond,  Lord,  179 
DnSrin  Mawr  (Great  Valley). 
Welih  name  for  Cherter  Val- 
ley, 87 
Du  Font  Fbwder  Warka,  t(7 
Duqueane,    Fort    (Ffttabiviili), 

97-98,106-07 
Dutch,  on  the  Delawaie,  IM, 
197  a(«».;in  New  JeMq'.  IM; 
in  Eaat  Jeney,  188, 178-,  namea, 
U9  (note) 
Dutch  Befonned  Church  eiUb- 

liahea  college,  190 
Dyer,  Mary,  4 

Eaat  Jersey,  location,  197-98, 
ISO;  town  ayatem  oi  govern- 
ment, 1A5;  topctfntphy.  188; 
gavenment  u>dar  Carteret, 
171;  New  Englanders  rebel 
againat,  171-72;  aold  to  Quak- 
ara,  172;jjapulation,  17S;  char- 
acter of  people,  176-77;  "The 
Revolution,  '  178;  united  to 
Weat  Jeney,  179.  180  et  tef.; 
«•  aUo  New  Jersey,  Weat 
Jeniy 

Gdridge,  John,  ISS 


Edkation  in  New  Jeraey,  188- 

190  ^ 

Edwaidi^  Jtaathan,  190 
EaIaland,I«t 
'  Effiborg,  Foct,  910;  jw  oIw  Nya 

Elfabocg 
Eliiabeth  (N.  J.),  171:  fonnded, 

170;c<dl«eat.I8S 
EUnboro  (N.  J.).  108 
Engliah   in  Delaware,   904-05, 

918  It  nq.;  wa  ofao  Puritans 
Eaopua  (N.  Y.),  Beelmui  sheriff 

of,  918 
Eataugh,  Quaker  preacher,  142 

Fairfax,  Lord,  188 
Fairfield  (N.  J.),  149 
Fenwick,  John,  131. 132, 183 
Fletcher,  Beqiamin,  Governor  of 

New  York,  70 
Ford,  Philip,  manager  of  Peon's 

esUte,  78-79 
Foi,  eeotge,  project  of  eatab- 

ttaUag  eobny,   4-8;    travels 
Awiiea,  111,  wr 

(flsM.),   Swedaa  at. 


Fkarffc,  Benjaaia.  M,  71,  Uf ; 
■*«*»  a£  iiapifcti.n.  «; 
acMMile  4beoveii*it  M-«7: 
opinioa  ef  Ihainaa  feaa,  82; 
drafts  militia  law.  MO;  coa- 
maada  militia,  10'-«:  lait« 
to  Netria,  <08;  paipMat 
againat  the  Putons,  113-14; 
negotiatea  wiik  Scotch-Iriah, 
118;  auooaads  is  taxing  pao- 
prielaiy  bade,  US;  advocate 
of  change  to  royal  govemmant. 
121,  122;  sent  aa  afeat  to 
EnglaBd,  113-14 

Fhuddin,  William.  Govenwr  of 
New  Jera^.  183. 188-8* 

Flrankfin  Inatitute,  8C 

French,  explore  tionaaf  1881,  90- 
21;  and  Indiana,  86:  ««e  almt 
French  aad  ladiau  War;  lose 
empire  ia  Ainrica,  107;  in 
D^ware,  219-20 


238 


INDEX 


.1  I J 

m 


Vlmdi  and  Indiui  War,  86  it 

Kg.,  \n 
Fnlhr,  WiBiun,  g 

Gallowcy,    Jonph,     «1,     igg, 

Gdloway  (N.  J.),  Qunker  meet- 
ing home  at,  160 
George  III,  Itt 

Gamui,  io  Pnmqrlvania.  te, 
*}-**;  the  «ect*"  M-»4; 
dnirch  people,"  44;  and 
Sootch-Iridi,  48;  sectunalum 
of.  *li  Quaken  and,  StSS; 
=«P"««>n.  M;  and  Indiana, 
8^  on  maldng  Ffenniylvania 
Crown  colony,  119;  bibli- 
ograplly,  (33 
Germantown    (Penn.),    Scotch- 

Iruh  at,  116-17 
Gettysburg  (Penn.).  48 
Gibron'a  Point.    Sindiah    fort 

near,  M8 
Gieliteliuii  in  Pennaylvaaia,  it 
Giraid,  Stephen,  26 
Gnadenhtttten,  manacre  at,  »»■ 

second  attadc  on,  IM 
Ooitny,  Thomaa,  tS 
Gothenfaaig,  Fort,  204 

"Sib-E-.  ? '  P«'P<«'    that 
g;«nit«lce  charge  of  Indian 

OrtalClm.lotluT(Mp).m         l 
Gr«tEgg(N.J.).Qiu,«-,eci. 

mg  house  at,  161  | 

Great  Egg  Barl>or,  162  < 

Greene,  General  Nathanad,  eo- 

Greenwich  (N.  J.),  iig;  Quaker 

meeting  house  in,  162 
Gnstavus  Adolphus,  200-61 
Gwynedd,  Welsh  origin  of  name 

37 


f  (J^).'oHwlod.«4 
I.  Welsh  origin  of  naoHb 


Baverfoi 

37 
Hayes,  Isaac  Israel.  Aictiq  ex- 

Jplonr.CO  ^ 

^Hes,ss«  Quaken 
HtaoyMja,  Alexander  d',  <M 
lomin  or  Deal  original  name 
I      fnow"  *^°™'''  ^°^'^'  *** 
"H<J^  Expeiment,"  14,  «7.  (3 
Hopkina,  Johns,  M 
H^kinson.  friend  of  Fnuklin, 

67 
Hudson,  Henry.  188.  228 

"JS".  *"'•    «<Ploratio«    of, 

198-80 
Huguenoti  in  East  Jersey,  176 
Huron  Indians,  99 

Imporlamx  of  tkt  Briluh  Plan, 
tatmiu  in  Anurica  dted,  8ft- 
87 
Indians,  and  Quakers,  20,  29L  8& 
1M-S4,  140^1;  and  SootS. 
task,  49.  40.  86;  Thomas 
Penn  and,  83:  Albany  treaty 
88-89;  and  Dutch,  168-<M; 
Swedes  buy  land  from.  206: 
trade  with,  209:  of  Delaware, 
»»;  ue  alto  French  and  In- 
dian  War.  names  of  tribes 
Inspired  (German  sect)  in  P*nn- 

qrlTania,42 
Injiig,  Washington.  HiMory  of 
Km)  York,  212-  quoted.  212- 


Haddon,  Elisabeth,  I4< 
Haddon,  John.  142 
HaddonfieU  (N.  J.),  142 
HdjUam  (ship),  igg 
Harris,  John,  Indian  tiader,  44 


'"S"  "'  *l««ker  policy,  36, 64; 
«™  ""1.  63-64,  67;  and 
Covenanters,  174;  joins  New 
England,  New  York,  and  New 
Jersv.  177 

''"S2°ii.^'  ^^"^  OmUnz, 
cited,  200  (note) 

Jaquette,   family  of   Delaware. 

200 
Jefferson,  Tbomas,  48 
Jennings,  Samuel,  184 


INDEX 


iS9 


ioM,  R.  M.,  Tlu  Quaker,  n  <*« 
Amtnem   CcUmim,   died,   7 
(note) 
Joa«^8irWaiiui.IS4.1U 
JoM  I,  oradiul  uuM  of  Kent 
County  (Dd.),  «S4  (note) 

Kme,  Eluhm  Kent.  Antic  m- 

Jdonr,  60 
Keith,  Geotge^  W 
Kellqr.  iliMruan  KooH.,  dted. 

IM  (note) 
JC<n(  (•hip).  is« 
Kent  County  (Dd.).  Mt 
Kidd.  Cnptein  William,  loa 
KMt,  William.  GoTemor  o«  Km 

Netherland.  MS 
AmfSoImum  (ihhi),  <ii 
KmgHninc  Sweduh  aettlement, 

Kinnenley,  friend  of  Franklin. 

W 
Kittanning.    attadc    on,     104- 

105 
"KnidterlxKlier,  Diedridi, "  tit 
Konigamarlte  (the  Long  Knn). 

J*l>adi«t»  in  Pemuylvania,  M 
LakewMd(N.J.).147 
umb,  Cbarlei,  quoted,  1st 
Lamherton,  George,  1«I.  S04 
I*nM«t«  (Penn.1.  riOe.  nuuiu- 

factnred  m.  M 
Lancaater  County  (Penn.).  Oer- 

manaui.«i;4S.M 
liancaater  Boad,  «3.  M 
I*ndadownfc  aeat  of  one  of  the 

Penn  family.  M 
^.SaOe^  Bene-Sobert  Cavelier. 

Sienrde,20-U 
Lawrie,  Gawen.  ISt,  133 
lAuning,  Aaron.  164 
learning  family  of  Cape  May. 

160 
Lee,  "Light  Hone"  Hany,  190 
Little  Egg  Harbor.  16« 
Uoyd.  David,  38, 77 
Uoyd,  Thomas,  67.  68,  as 


Lovitown,  Indian'  headquarlen 

at,  104 
I'ng^a-coming  (Berlin),  IM 
Long  bland,  Quakera  on.  7,  19, 

IM  160:  Cape  May  tradea 

with,  163;  Puritans  in  Eaat 

Jeney  bom,  170 
loninana  daimed  for  Fkmnce,  «0 
Lucu.  Nicholaa,  132,  ISS 
Ludlam,  family  of  Cape  May, 

160 
Lumbering  in  New  Jeney.  IM- 

IM 
Lutheran  Church.  44 

Madiion,  Jamei,  IM 
Maine,  proprietonhip  in,  u 
Maims  Hook,  Swedish  settle- 
ment, (18;  Finns  at,  £10 
Markham,  William,  Governor  of 
Delaware,    69;   Governor  e( 
Pennsylvania,  70 
Markham's   FVame,   new   con- 
stitution of  Pennsylvania,  70 
Mmfland,  profnietordiip  in,  18; 
Penn    visits,    19;    boundary 
dispute    with    Pennsylvania. 
83, 84:  and  FVendi  and  Indian 
War,  91, 93;  Baltunore's  ambi- 
tion for,  H4 
Massachusetts,     fanr      a^uut 
Quakers  in,  4;  ro^l  govem- 
ment  m,  IW-jtS;  English  settle. 
197-98 
May.  Cape,  lettlement  of,  139- 

167 
Mennonites.  43 
Meredith.  Wdsh  name  in  Penn- 

4'lvania.  38 
Merion.  Welsh  origin  of  name. 

37 
Middletown  (N.  J.).  169. 171 
Mifflin.  Genoal  Thomas,  61.  96 
Mugo  Indians,  97 
Minqus  Indians.  229;  <w  alto 
Black  Minqua,  White  Minqua 
Minuit,    Peter,    leads    Swedish 
expedition.  201,  202;   buried 
at  Wilmington,  223 


J' 

■i,  . 


k 


MO 


INDEX 


MMaippi  i;inr,  Fnoeb  nplar- 

•«  on,  «D 
MM  cf  Ik,  Oomnmrnl  <f  A, 

Proriim  tf  Eim  Jwin  in 

Ammca,  ITA 
Mcnviuu  uid  war,  IM 
MoRJh  Governor  of  huaTl- 

vuia.  81,  M 
MorrU,  JUwifc  ig«;  Gowmor  of 

NewJoMjr,  185 
Morrii.  Hobert,  M 
Mountein  Men  in  IVniujrIvuiia. 

Humy,  LiiKlIqr,  W 

Myers,  ffarralUM  qf  Early  Ptnn- 
ndmnia,  Wat  Jtnen,  md 
Doamm,  dted,  IM  (note), 
«07  (note),  MS  '' 

tft/rtlBa  (ihip),  SO 

NtttKH  (iloop),  lei 
NtatKoke  Indiana,  ti» 
NaaHu.  Fort,  MO,  tot,  MS,  t06, 

210 
NauauHall  at  Prioceton  (Prince- 
ton Univervty),  I8»:  <«  aho 
Princeton 
New  Anutel  (New  Caatle),  «18, 

aiS;  IM  o^Mi  New  Caatle 
New  Anuterdam,  Britiah  take 

|>one»ionof,«« 
New  Beverly,  oM  name  for  Bur- 
lington (N.  J.),  13« 
New  Bom  (German  sect),  in 

Pennaylvania,  M 
New  Castle,  original  name  for 
New  Castle  County  (Del.).  «M 
(note) 
NewCastle(Del.),M,«io,M8,«18 
New  Castle  County  (Del.),  tit 
New  England,  PuriUns  in  East 
Jersqrfrom,  I6»,  170-71,  180; 
joined  to  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  177 
New  England  Town  (N.  J.),  140 
New  Hunpshire.  prDprietorsbip 

la,  18 
New  Haven,  settlera  on  Cape 
May  from,  1«1 


New  Janay.  Pmm  and,  10s  pio- 
|r|f*«iUp  in,  1«:  nl^oua 
Bberty  in.  M;  royal  jovan- 
mant.  lM-«;  ht^iSm  vl 
lUtlttq.;  and  tha  PuAaan 

U9i  origia  of  DaBM^  ISO; 
»wtad  to  Barkelqr  and  Cte- 
^U  IW;  (oads^  IM;  aodal 
oiitinctiMi^  UiSt;  tivmt, 
U8-W;  government,  181-83; 
•tiugih  Intween  proprietors 
aod|»|iI«,  laS-SSipopolatkm, 
ISS-W;  admtion,  188-4)0: 
and  Freodi  and  Indian  War 
lSO-91;  life  in.  Ml-M;  books 
jnd  newspapers.  ISt-M; 
WHIM.  IM;  mwuia.  18S- 
IM;  sbi^bnildii^  IM-M; 
wbaling  industiy,  IW-M; 
bibbograpby,  i3S-«t;  ««  alto 


EartJersey.'Westji^ 
I  New  Jersey.  Con<«e  of  (ftinca- 

ton  University),  174;  jw  «<« 

IVinceton  University 
New  Mooners,  it 
New  Sweden.  Mi 
New  York,  and  Quakers.  4,  180; 

Penn  travels  in,  18;  contribu- 

hon  in  Frencb  and  Indian 

War.  91 ;  and  New  Jersey,  l»i- 

188,177-78 
Newark  (N.  J.),  171, 180;  oollew 

moved  to,  188 
NewtonfN.J.),  187,188 
Nicolls,  Colonel  Ricbard,  160 
Norris,  Isaac,  70,  100, 121 
Nortb  CaiDlina.  Quakers  in,  7; 

Germans  in,  43 
Nova    Cnarea    (New    Jersey). 

Its,  its 
Nya  Elfsborg,  Fort  (Elsinbon), 
toe;  tee  alto  EKsborg,  Port 


Odessa,     capiul    of    Delaware 

moved  to,  tli 
Ogg,  P.  A.,  The  Old  NorthmH, 

cited,  109  CnoU) 
Ojibway  Induuts,  90 


INIMSX 


Ottow*Indnm,W 
OmUtnM,  SmdU    Chucd- 
br.  Ml 

Fw^yimk.    MmdUi   HttlciiKnt. 

<18 
PMoriw  Maimoiiile  hwler,  SI, 

Fkronia.  Dutdi  .t,  IM-w,  17B 
"FkxtonBoy>,"Il»-lS 
Bmlljni,  WeUh  origla  of  mum, 

87 
Peon,  John,  aon  of  Thonaa,  85 
Penn.  John,  no  of  Wnkm,  81. 

84 
Fknii,  Riduid.  aon  of  WillUm, 

81, 8S 
IVam,  Thonuu,  ion  of  WillUm. 

81-8S,  M.  M 
Pbiui,  WUliam,  joioa  Quakers, 
1-*;  and  Quaker  colony  pro- 
jact.  t;  beooniea  truatae  of 
Quaker  refuge^  0-7;  early  life, 
8;  (ranted  domain  in  America, 
9-10!  charter,  10-11,  41,  igi; 
forau  cokny,  IS  e<  n» .•  in 
^jAa.  IT  a  «,.;  and 
njUde^ahu.  18:  treaty  witli 
UM&ni,  tt-iS;  returns  to 
™»and,  24;  minionary  tours 
m  Cenaanj-,  41;  in  England, 
88-70;  and  James  II,  64-88, 
87;  authcrity  subtended,  89: 
prownce  restored.  70;  returns 
to  Fknnsylvania,  70-71;  trav- 
ds  in  America,  71;  aails  again 
for  EM^nd.  7*.  78;  life  in 
;£>gl»ncl,74,78.174;andFo«d, 
78-78;  in  prison,  79;  last 
years,  80;  death  (1718).  81; 
and  Indians,  88,  89;  deddes 
contention  over  West  Jency, 
18^  188:  Cmxftmu  and 
Arnmmti.  185;  In^s  East 
*»«'.  178:  plana  sale  of  po- 
ntical  power  m  Pennsylvania, 
188;  and  Delawaic,  197,  «I7, 
i6 


Ml 
*l^,  ••«:    aoMoa    of    tie 

rte  Mrs.  WiBiam.  as  proprie- 
tor of  PtansylTania,  81  ^^ 

'•""wy.twiBtiy  seat  of  WU- 
llMnFlnin,7l 

Pmnyhrania,  as  proprielorship, 
I!  i  *?■•  «>>»«n>n>ent,  IS- 
IS, 8^  «,  87,  78-78,  74-78; 
Molation.  88  et  uq.-  durinz 
™«^»5««^.««:  part  iS 
"encn  and  Indian  War,  86 
tL'%''  '"^  massacres," » 
Quaker  militia  law,  100-01 
bmlds  chain  of  forts,    108: 

f*^X  ','"''•  ''*-<W!  *«*» 
of  Quaker  government,  108 
a  Mj.;  proposal  to  make 
wown  colony  of,  118-84- 
bibliogniphy,  888-83 

ftmnylvama  Caatk.  country 
seat  of  John  Peim,  84 

Pennsylvania  Railroad,  44 

Psnnsylvania.  University  of,  48 

Fknny  Pbt  Inn,  S3 

Ptenypack,  Swedish  settlement. 

Perth,  Earl  of.  178 

Pdth  Amboy  (N.  J.),  Scotdi 
Covenanten    at,    178.    180; 

„Aw™'^  meeta  at.  188 

raladelphia,  founded.  18, 10-80; 
houses,  K;  life  in,  K  a  «y.; 
seat  of  commerce,  86,  W- 
88:  love  of  good  living,  31- 
38;  country  seats  near,  SS-S4; 
streets,  S4-84;  medicine  and 
•ewnee,  49-60;  Indian  nids. 
80;  Braddo<^  in,  86;  Indians 
bnraght  to,  I0»,  118;  Scotch- 
Irish  expedition  to,  114-17; 
market  for  Cane  May,  16S- 
absorbs  Swedish  settlements. 

Pliaaddphia  Cdkge,  set  Penn- 
sylvania, Univenity  of 
Pine   bairens  of  New  Jersey, 

PiacaUwa(N.J.).  171 


MS 


INDEX 


i;  * 


.11 

■n'r 

I  u 


I 


Fitt,  Fat,  107.  IW 
nntke's  Coupimirjr,  loSHW 
nUmtomie  Indi.  -u,  M 
FtMbytcriau,  dmktn  oUMUi 

lm7?Sr  "^  ■*"  '-^ 

FHneetoo  Univenity,  176,  I8»- 

180 
FHnti,  John,  Governor  of  Ne» 

Swaden,  jMM,  US 
nisoo  nform  in  Fmuylninu, 

13,  M 
ftoud,  Robert,  Bulort  of  Penn- 

tttmaa,  IM 
FuriUu  and  EhI  Jeney.  169 

171 

Qiukm  William  Ptnn  joini,  1- 
«;  oricpn,  t;  pnndpht,  »-8; 
quietum"  in  Earope^  S;  lawi 
agunit,  4;  temporiuy  wttle- 
menta  in  America,  6-7;  and 
pnion    reform,     U;     immi- 
gration to  Pennsylvania,  Ifi- 
M,  Se:  relatiou  with  Indiana, 
iO,   U.   86,    lW-34.    140-41; 
type  of  immigrants,  tl;  char- 
acteristics,   «6:    number    in 
Pnmsylvania,   46-47;   James 
II  and,  36,   64;  opposed   by 
Church  of  England,  S8-40;  and 
Scotch-Irish,  47,  US;  in  Phila- 
dophu,  48:  Gennans  and,  it- 
«ti  number  in  17«»  in  Penn- 
aylyania,  M;  liberalism,  26; 
activities,  S6;  prominent  men 
among,  40-61;  and  war,  94- 
•6;  as  conscientious  objectors, 
»8;  split  into  Hiclcsites  and 
Orthodox  «7;  try  to  end  war 
(1746),    lOS-04;    decline    of 
Iwker  government,   108   et 
»«».;  propose  making  Crown 
colony  of  Pennsylvama.  118  rt 
««j.;  m  West  Jersey,  ISO  et 
•«?..  180;  found  SaW  ISS; 
lose  control  of  West  Jeney, 
140-41 1  meeting  houses  m  New 


-__.,  UI-4«i  settle  Cap* 
H«7  ngioa,  ISO:  buy  last 
fmqr,  17*:  in  WiUigton, 

^tSO^l:  UbUegraphTlHU^ 

Quwn  s  College  (Rtttgvs  Cql- 
hg«),  IM 

Quietism,  S 

Quietists  in  Pisnnsylvania.  4( 

R«l>K>r,  Welsh  origin  of  namft 

■  '■  mptkaeii^"  44.44 

'     'irmed  Church,  44 

1,^00,  religious  liberty  under 
Quakers,  15;  SM  ofso  Churehai, 
names  of  denominations 

Revolution  of  1688,  Quaken  and, 
66 

Revotutionaiy  War,  Pam  family 
in,  IS:  Scotch-Irish  and,  ill 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua,  SI 

Rhode  IsUnd,  idigious  liberty, 
;«:  Cape  May  trades  with, 
ISS;  and  National  Constitu- 
tion, (24 

Binng,  Swedish  Governor  e{ 
Delaware,  210 

Rittenhouse,  David,  astronomer, 
_S8,  47 

River  Brethren  in  Pennsylvania, 

Roads,     Pennaylvania,     4S-44: 

New  Jeney,  140 
Ronsdorfer    (German    sect)    in 

Pennsylvania,  4* 
Rush,  Or.  Benjamm,  IM 
Rutgers  College,  190 

St.  Davids,  Welsh  origin  of,  S7 
St.  GecHge's,  Dutch  at,  M4 
Salem  (N.  J.),  ge,  ISS,  136, 187, 

14J  144,  176,  1801  M4 
|™ttoeck  (Sud  Point),  210 
Scandinavians  in  New  Jeraev. 

l«»:^:.'"o'»  Swede, 
ocwyichbi,    Indian    name    for 

New  Jersey,  124 
SchnylkiU  VaOey,  Gmans  in.  44 


INDEX 


SmU*  Cormutan,  nfnn  in 

JSS* /«<!)'  'or.  iw^aTIso 

Bootcn-lrah,   in   FaunylTuin, 
•^  M.  M  <<  MS. ;  udlndinnh 

•Jin  or,  «1-M;  on  makiw 
Fnnqrlnnin  Crown  oolony. 
„  Il»;  in  Otbnrare,  «M 
Seott,  Sir  Wiltor,  cited.  174 
Benville,  Old  Cedar  Meeting  at, 

161 
Separatiita  in  Penmylrania,  4> 
|S«n"  I?*»a*  90,  M.  IW 

^ley,  Wliiam,  Ml,  ttt 
Shiriqr,  GeamI  WiUiam,  M 
g»»«<ny  (N.  J.).  IM,  171 
8ii  Natmu.  M-U,  88,  SO.  M7 
Saveiy,    Quaker   attitude   to- 
""d,  ««i  in  New  Jereey,  l«a, 
loS 
Simth,  novoet   of    Collie  of 
™i«d«Jpliia,  estimate!  nara- 
berofQuskefhM 
Smitli,  Samuel,  188;  Hitloni  «[ 
a»  Colmt  tf  JVoM^Bjono, 
or  New  Jtmu,  188 
Smitli,  Bev.  William,  38-40 
Spicer,  Erther,  funeral,  141 
Spicer,  Jacob,  184 
Spicer  family  of  Cape  May,  160 
^y.  Commodore,  88 
Stenton,  country  acat  nesr  Phila- 

debhia,  38 
Steve:;*  L.  T,,  Hiilort  <rf  Cave 

o.iS"'''.r".""'*-  <="«''  IM  (note) 

StOlwell  family  of  Cape  May, 
160 

Stockton,  Richard,  of  New  Jer- 
eey, 188 

Stdte  Peit  conntiy  aeat  of 
Tbomaa  Penn,  88  | 

StjyveMit,  Peter,  Governor  of 
New  Netherland,  808-10 

Suiqudianna  Indiuu,  Quakera 
treat  with,  s 

SuiKX  County  (Del.),  8i«  ' 


343 


Swahi,  Jaeoeta.  168 

Swedei,   in   Pennaylvaiiia,    18; 

««  New  Jennr,  186,  188;  in 

Delaware,   187,  800  «  Me.; 

analiciwd  namee,  818  (note) 
"*neebon>,  Swediih  netUemaota 

aRHUid,818 
Syda»,  Aliemon,  18 
^yng;  friend  of  nanklin,  87 

TUrty  Yeare-  War.  GueUvua 
Adolphui  and,  801 

"nicum,  wat  of  Sweriiab  govem- 
■nent  in  Delawaie,  808,  818' 
fort  at  ?I0 

Townien  <  'amily  of  Cape  May. 
100 

IVent,  William,  187 

TVenton  (N.  J.),  187-88 

IVinity,  Fort,  810 

T<«*»h«  (N.  J.),  Quaker  meet- 
ing houie  at,  161 

Tunken  in  iWuylvania,  48 

Tuner,  Nathanid,  161,  804 

Turner,  Bobert,  188 

Cletermen,  tee  Scotch-Iriah 
Upland  (Cheater),  Swediih  vil- 
lage in  Fknniylvania,  18,  818 
UiKlinx,  Willcm,  800;  801 

Virginia,  Germani  in,  48;  Scotch- 
Inan   in,   47;   bouadaiy   dis- 

Eut«  83,  84;  and  French  and 

aUUuhed  (1607),  187 

Walking  Purchaw  of  1737, 87 

Warner,  Edmund,  183 

Washington,  George;  »7 

Weuer,  Conrad,  80 

Wdamu  (ship),  17 

Welsh  in  Pennsylvania,  86-38; 

aectionalism  of,  SI 
West,  Benjamin,  61 
West  Jersey,  Quaker  refuge  in, 

J-7,  \SOetieq.;  location,  187; 

Berkeley  sells.    131;   Quaker 


n 


*'  "K-/' 


S44  INDEX 

W«t  Immi—CmHnmd 

coortitaUMk    IM; 

nttlan,  IM  M 

14S-4(,  UT;  (Mfar  muapi. 

14t-M;  duadM,  IM;  lru» 

McUtioB,  IMi  oaitod  to  BMt 

Jnqt    (ITM),   IW:   amnljr 

otfutlntioo.  lUi  MKobaBut 

Uiwty,  Nnr  fawgr 
WaMchMter  Coantjr   (\.   Y.), 

Qinkmia,T 
mUiy  RclMlUiim  4» 
Whit*  MiHw  bdiui,  M7 
WhitnunTWah.  IM 
Wkitticr,  I.  G..  61 
Wicuo,  tIBm  oo  lite  of  Fhih- 

ddpUa,  lli  IIS 
WUcox,  Jonph,  77 
WiDiui  m,  tad  Fun.  M,  W- 

70;  uxl  tokratiaa.  S«,  71; 

pUoed  on  throng  M»  178 
Williuii  tod  Bliu$,  Colbf*  of. 

in 

mniun  of  Oiuni  «»  WUUam 

ni 

WaBi«  TboDuu,  Ml 
WilUngtoii  (WilmiiutaD),  Ml 
WUmiiltoa    (D«L).    M,    MI. 
WW:  a  Qiukv  town.  HO-fll; 


foiiadi^a(,tll-«;eHtoDW«f 
pjinlihiiiiirt.  Ill  H;dimclm, 
H8~M;  wwiiiimBat  sM;  imiwi 
iMtnri^tM-fr 
Wonaa  io  the  WUderaait,  So- 
ci<t)r    ol,    is    Fnuugrhraaia. 

Woodliridfa  (N.  1.),  171 
Woofaaai),  John,  Jvmat,  IM, 

IM 
Wymwwaod,    Webb   orifia    of 

Wyorabc   Vallay   of   Panaayl- 
nfufaln. 


vania.  Indiau  Nok  i 


Yatoa.  FMar,  117 

York,  Duke  of.  and  WUIiam 
Fann.  Ii  IS.  M.  IM;  aMianda 
throna  ai  Jamea  I],  63; 
livan  Ootcb  nonaBaioua  In 
Amction.  IM,  IN:  and  Wait 
Jeney,  IS4;  and  Eaat  Janaj. 
I7S:  nila  in  Dclamic  117, 
lll;tMa(wJaniaaII 

York  (Fknn.),  48 

Zkm'a  Bniodcr  in  Pennaylvaola* 


MtOOMt 

ehiudHi, 

DM,  So- 
•jrlvuk, 

I 

w/.  IM, 
dfiii  of 
PtmnU 

•tUfllll, 


TViUiam 


a  «S; 
nou  in 
od  Wait 
t  Jtnqr, 
uc  <1T, 


■ylvMiii. 


